WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE [ LOOKING INSIDE ( THE AMAGING BRAIN ) ]

WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE [ LOOKING INSIDE ( THE AMAGING BRAIN ) ]

PERHAPS NO scientific book of the past half century stirred up as much controversy as The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life. The 1994 book, by Richard ]. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, begins simply: “That the word intelligence describes something real and that it varies from person to person IS as Universal and ancient as any understanding about the state of being human.” From there, the authors delve into definitions of intelligence and how it can serve as a good predictor for success in life.

Then they argue that different levels of intelligence lead to social outcomes, instead of the other way around a person oflow intelligence is more likely to end up a criminal or unemployed, for instance and that intelligence levels have an observable correlation to biology.

Following the track linking genetics to intelligence, the authors make claims linking racial differences to intelligence, and thus the positive and negative social outcomes that define modern life. If a group of people can’t change their biology, goes this hypothesis, they cannot change their social outcomes.

Does the brain’s biology determine intelligence, and thus lock humans in to paths toward success or failure? It’s a potent question.

DEFINING INTELLIGENCE

Part of the problem lies in the definition of intelligence. Neuroscientists don’t agree on what the word means. Nor do they agree on what intelligence tests are actually measuring. Tests don’t measure motivation, persistence, social skills, and a host of other attributes of a life that’s well lived. Some say, only half facetiously, that IQ tests measure only one’s ability to perform well on IQ tests.

Studies of identical twins have shown that certain regions of the brain are highly inheritable, affecting overall intelligence.
Studies of identical twins have shown that certain regions of the brain are highly inheritable, affecting overall intelligence.

Neurologist Richard Restak likes to deliberately cloud the issue during his lectures by showing students images of two PET scans. Each reveals the level of brain activity of a student doing a problem in a Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices test, which aims to measure “fluid intelligence,” or the ability to solve an unfamiliar kind of problem. In one scan, the image is illuminated in red , and orange, representing an increase in brain activity. In the other, the cool shades of blue and green represent a less intense level of brain function. When Restak asks the students to guess which of the two students scored higher on the Raven’s test, and thus (one assumes) possesses superior intelligence, the students invariably pick the brain lighted up like a Christmas tree. Instead, the student with the less active PET scan posted a higher Raven’s score. The explanation: The brain that finds a problem easy to solve doesn’t have to work as hard.

TYPES OF SMARTS

There are several aspects of intelligence. Most are related, but historically not all have tested what they set out to test. For example, some early IQ tests measured knowledge of facts, which actually is a function of education and memory rather than the ability to reason. In general, however, a person’s performance on a test of fluid intelligence is a good predictor of performance on a wide range of mental exercises. For example, increased fluid intelligence correlates to a high level of “working memory”-one’s ability to remember information temporarily which can range from remembering where you parked your car to which words or number combinations you tried and rejected in doing a crossword puzzle or Sudoku. People with powerful working memories are more focused in solving problems.

Scientists use the term “g-factor” when discussing the general measure of mental ability, found in vocabulary size, mechanical reasoning, and arithmetical computations. They relate it to the properties of efficient neural functioning, rather than the value of knowledge in its own right. The prefrontal cortex, right behind the forehead, is the most likely home for much of the neural processes associated with one’s g-factor abilities. When it’s damaged, a person suffers a variety of impairments to abstract reasoning, and it lights up during brain scans taken during a variety of intelligence tests.

“You have less frontal development than I should have expected,” says the evil Professor James Moriarty when he first lays eyes on Sherlock Holmes in a story by Arthur Conan Doyle. As scientists have discovered, the size of the prefrontal cortex in healthy brains generally correlates to fluid intelligence. (Perhaps Moriarty subscribed to the theory of phrenology and believed cortex size correlated to the bulging of a forehead. It’s not so.)

Psychologist John Raven devised the Raven's Colored Progressive Matrices Test in 1938, a non-verbal test of intelligence in children.
Psychologist John Raven devised the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices Test in 1938, a non-verbal test of intelligence in children.

But the size of a cortex doesn’t mean, QED, that biology causes intelligence the same way gravity causes an apple to fall. Identical twins vary in their performance on IQ tests. In some cases, one twin develops schizophrenia or some other disorder, and the other does not. Furthermore, when identical twins are separated at birth and raised separately in similar environments, they show only a 72 percent correlation in intelligence.

FAMILY INFLUENCE

At best, genetics accounts for only a substantial fraction of intelligence. Perhaps heredity sets an upper limit for intelligence (through the potential ability to make neuronal connections), which then becomes subject to other forces. An environment with plenty of books and challenging toys plays a key role in increasing aspects of a child’s intelligence but so does willingness to exercise the brain. Political scientist James R. Flynn noted that IQ scores have dramatically increased over the past several decades in many countries. He attributes the so-called Flynn effect to increases in modern humans’ greater ability to solve abstract problems, possibly from living in a more intellectually stimulating world.

The brain’s ability to rewire neuronal networks no matter how old the nerve cells provides the means to improve mental function. Instead of looking at family or ancestral heritage and deciding it determines mental performance, humans can set about learning new skills and tasks. Challenging the brain may not raise the score on a particular IQ test, but it will help the brain to perform better.

OUTSIDE LOOKING IN [ THE AMAGING BRAIN ]

OUTSIDE LOOKING IN [ THE AMAGING BRAIN ]

Scientists have long Dreamed of Exammmg how the brain works within a living body. The problem, though, was figuring out how to get inside the head without causing injury or even death. Doctors treating wounds from wars and accidents have been able to get glimpses of living brain tissue, but aside from poking or prodding, have had little to do with experimental observation.

Some early noninvasive attempts included phrenology, the pseudoscience developed in the early 19th century that measured the bumps on the outside of the skull as a means of analyzing the mental powers and characteristics. They stemmed from the theories of a German doctor, Franz Joseph Gall, who argued in the late 18th century that the separate faculties of the brain must manifest themselves in the shape of the overlying bone. Phrenology’s popularity peaked between the 1820s and the 1840s but soon waned as the century progressed.

Overall, at least half of all cases of dementia-formerly known as senility can be traced to Alzheimer’s disease.

Toward the end of the 19th century, a new method of probing the hidden workings of the brain arose, again in central Europe. Wilhelm Wundt, known as the founder of experimental psychology, created a laboratory in the mid-1870s in Leipzig to perform research into psychology. The word derives from the Greek psyche, meaning “mind” or “soul.” Wundt considered his research a way to get at the workings of the mind, which many still considered to be separate from the tissue of the brain.

An angio-MRI of a 27-year-old woman reveals the arteries that provide oxygen to her brain.
An angio-MRI of a 27-year-old woman reveals the arteries that provide oxygen to her brain.

In particular, Wundt aimed to examine the elements that made up consciousness and explain how they worked together to create the mind. Wundt concentrated on stimulus-response experiments, as he considered sensation the contact point between the external, physical world and the inner, psychological world. He recorded when and how sensations entered consciousness, including such mundane facts as whether one musical tone sounded higher or lower than another one did.


A contemporary of Wundt’s, the American William James, also took up psychology as a tool to probe the mind. India his famous 1890 textbook The Principles of Psychology, James described processes including the sense of self, memory, movement, and sensation.

Your brain uses about 12 watts of ” power-a fraction of the energy of a household lightbulb.

Assessing the brain’s performance through intelligence testing was another way science attempted to access the living brain. In the 1900s, French psychologist Alfred Binet created the first IQ test as a way to measure intelligence. That test, designed to see which French schoolchildren needed special assistance, became the genesis of all IQ tests that followed.

Meanwhile, in Austria, Sigmund Freud (1856-1939), the founder of the psychoanalytic school of psychology, turned his interest in neurology into the study of the workings of the brain and the ways in which they affect behavior. He predicted, correctly, that someday the study of the physical workings of the brain would dovetail with his observations about unconscious drives.

LOOKING INSIDE [ SEEING THE BRAIN AT WORK ( THE AMAGING BRAIN ) ]

LOOKING INSIDE [ SEEING THE BRAIN AT WORK ( THE AMAGING BRAIN ) ]

ONCE THE brain’s true purpose was ascertained, scientists began finding new ways to observe it and its functions. Starting with noninvasive methods, like IQ tests, they tried to learn more about the living brain and measure how it worked. These intelligence tests painted a picture of how the brain collected information, processed it, and then made conclusions.

CT scans open windows into the brain's interior structure.
CT scans open windows into the brain’s interior structure.

Peering inside a living brain was virtually impossible-most of what scientists knew abour the brain’s anatomy was based on autopsies. But in the late 19th century, the invention of the x-ray made it possible to take a look inside the skull. In the 20th century, new scanning methods came along and gave greater insight into how the living brain works.

TESTING INTELLIGENCE

ALFRED BINET (1857-1911) made the first serious effort to chart intelligence. In 1905, France commissioned him to create a test to identify students whose intelligence was below average. Binet and his doctoral student, Theodore Simon, devised a series of tasks for children. They then tested how well children of various ages performed the tasks, which gradually increased in complexity. Their work led them to create a scale of normal mental functioning. Binet’s intelligence scores compared a child’s mental abilities with those of h is or her peer group. The test has been updated many times.

A 1937 Stanford-Binet intelligence test includes miniatures and printed matter.
A 1937 Stanford-Binet intelligence test includes miniatures and printed matter.

During World War II, the American government gave Army recruits intelligence tests to screen them for war work. Plenty of other groups have been given IQ tests since then, allover the world. If you look only at their scores, you might think humans are getting smarter all the time. New Zealand political scientist James R. Flynn observed that standardized intelligence test scores from 20 countries historically have kept rising by about three points a decade. The reason isn’t entirely clear, but it’s possible that improvements in nutrition, coupled with the more stimulating environments in which children are raised, contribute to greater neuronal complexity.

Today, scientists still wrestle not only with what intelligence is, but also how it can be measured. Harvard University’s Howard Gardner believes at least seven types of intelligence exist, from the mathematical to the athletic.

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ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS & DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS & DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

DIENCEPHALON

In the center of the brain, between the cerebrum’s two hemispheres, lies the diencephalon. It consists largely of three important structures : the Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus. The Thalamus acts as a relay for sensory information on its way to the cerebrum and is crucial to memory and emotions. The tiny Hypothalamus exerts control over the autonomic nervous system and performs other functions, including regulating body temperature. The Epithalamus includes the pineal gland, which drew Descartes’s attentions. Instead of housing the soul, scientists now know it helps to regulate the body’s rhythms of sleeping and wakefulness.

Elements of the diencephalon link the left and right hemispheres.
Elements of the diencephalon link THE you left and right hemispheres.

CEREBELLUM

At the back and bottom of the skull rests the cerebellum. Like the cerebrum, it too is divided into halves and deeply fissured. Its role is to coordinate movement and balance. Precise physical activities that must be practiced to be performed well-hitting a golf ball, doing gymnastics, picking a pattern of notes on the strings of a guitar-are processed in the cerebellum. The cerebellum also is known to play a role in emotion and action.

Misunderstanding of the work of neuroscientist Roger Sperry in the 1970s fed the notion that everyone is either “left brained” or “right brained.” Although each hemisphere has special functions, the two halves work closely together in a healthy mind. Humans are whole brained.

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Where the brain meets the spinal cord is the brain stem. The spinal cord, the central route of nerve cells connecting brain and body, terminates in a 1.2 inch extension into the lower brain known as the medulla oblongata, home to motor and sensory nerves. Here is where the nerves from the body’s left and right sides cross each other on their way toward the cerebrum. Basic body functions such as heartbeat and respiration are controlled in the medulla.

Above the medulla lie the pons and midbrain. Pons means “bridge,” and that’s what it does-it acts as a bridge between the medulla and other brain regions. The midbrain links the pons to the diencephalon and controls reflexes of the ear and eye, such as the jolt the body experiences when startled.

FUELING THE BRAIN

Blood pumped from the heart pushes upward into the brain through two main sets of blood vessels, the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Spiderwebs of smaller vessels, like distributary waterways at a river’s mouth, send blood into every region of the brain.

The brain uses oxygen III a hurry. While the brain weighs only about three pounds, a mere fraction of body weight, it burns 20 percent of the body’s oxygen and glucose. Most of that energy is mere upkeep, keeping the brain on the razor-sharp edge of action by maintaining the electric fields of the membranes surrounding the synaptic clefts. Actually thinking adds very little to the demand for energy-a fact that is somewhat counterintuitive for anyone who has ever struggled with a particularly difficult math problem or foreign language translation.

To get fuel to hungry brain cells, the body relies on the constant circulation of glucose. It’s a kind of sugar that circulates via the bloodstream. Neurons can’t stock-pile glucose like coins in a bank, so they require a ready supply of this source of chemical energy. Neurons use the fuel of glucose to manufacture and transport molecules of neurotransmitters and enzymes. They also use plenty of energy- half of the brain’s total, in fact-to transmit electro-chemical signals from cell to cell. The body obtains glucose from starches and sugars in the daily diet. Good sources include grain, fruits, and vegetables. During periods of intense concentration, glucose levels decline in brain regions associated with memory and learning. Such a decline can cause a feeling of fatigue in the body and the brain.

AN OLD BRAIN can be an amazingly healthy and creative one. Consider:

  • Ben Franklin left public service at age 82.
  • Mary Baker Eddy founded The Christian Science Monitor at age 86.
  • Robert Frost published his last collection of poems at age 88.
  • George Bernard Shaw was still writing plays at age 94.
  • Grandma Moses received a painting commission at age 99.

ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

THE FRONTAL LOBE

A portion of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere called the precentral gyrus controls the body’s movements. Oddly, each hemisphere moves the opposite side of the body, as if the brain’s wiring some-how became crossed. Hence, the movements of the right hand and right foot, as well as the rightward gaze of both eyes, are governed by the left side of the brain. This phenomenon has been observed for centuries. Hippocrates noted that a sword injury to one side of the head impaired movement on the body’s opposite side. And while observing combat wounds during the Prusso-Danish War of 1864, German doctor Gustav Theodor Fritsch noted that if he touched the cerebral cortex as he dressed a head wound, the patient twitched on the opposite side of his body. If one hemisphere’s precentral gyrus is destroyed-during a stroke, for instance-paralysis will result in half the body.

ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

In front of the precentral gyrus lie the premotor cortex and the prefrontal fibers. The former organizes the body’s complex physical movements, whereas the latter inhibit actions. Inhibition is useful in a variety of social settings, such as preventing shouting in a quiet movie theater.

THE BRAIN NEEDS regular exercise if its neurons area to remain sharp. Repetition of newly learned tasks helps make those new connections stronger. Without stimulation, dendrites recede and the brain settles into simpler patterns of operation. Neurologist Robert Friedland has shown that posing new challenges to the brain can help in the defense against Alzheimer’s disease.

Perhaps not surprisingly, “Use it or lose it” appears TO be true not on Iy of mental exercise but also of physical stimulation of the brain. The brain is like other organs and works better when the body is healthy. Exercising the body regularly appears to help ward off Alzheimer’s disease, as do reducing body weight, lowering blood pressure, and eating a more healthful diet. General exercise that builds up cardiovascular endurance improves blood flow to the brain. A healthy heart usually is linked to a healthy brain, especially in the brain’s “executive function, ” which is crucial to a slew of mental tasks.

A combination of physical exercise and mental gymnastics protects the brain against deterioration with age. To spur on the brain to make new neuronal connections and protect the ones it has, there are a number of activities to try, such as:
~ Learning a new language .
~ Listening to classical music.
~ Solving mental puzzles and games, like crossword puzzles and Sudoku .
~ Eating a healthful diet.
~ Walking, jogging, or cycling regularly to promote cardiovascular health .
~ Maintaining a healthy weight.

PARIETAL LOBE AND TEMPORAL LOBE

In the parietal lobe lies the somatosensory cortex, which takes in stimulations of touch and other sensations. While lower parts of the brain register pain and pressure, the sensory cortex helps localize such feelings. Damage to the sensory cortex may result in confusion about which part of the body may be registering pain.

The temporal lobe is home to the functions of hearing and appreciation of music and to some aspects of memory. Self-experience also resides in this lobe. Electrical stimulation of the temporal lobe may dredge up intense feelings from the memory-the experience of reliving the past, known as deja vu-or do just the opposite, causing familiar people and objects to become unrecognizable.

At its base, the temporal lobe connects with the limbic system, a series of brain structures also known as the animal brain. This system allows humans to experience intense emotions such as anger and fear as well as react to these feelings.

OCCIPITAL LOBE

Behind the temporal lobe, near the rear of the head, lies the brain’s visual center in the occipital lobe. Far from the eyeballs, which takes in visual information, this portion of the cerebral cortex processes electrical impulses that begin with light waves striking the retina. Wounds to the back of the head injuring the visual cortex can sometImes cause blindness.

ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS & DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS & DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

FOUR DIVISIONS

Moving inward, we come to the organ itself. The brain may appear to be a Ulllform mass of folded, pink tissue. But a closer look reveals different lobes, regions, structures, and parts that all help regulate body functions, interpret information from the body, and react to stimuli. The brain has four main parts: the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem.

  • SHAKESPEARE WEIGHS IN on the human brain in his plays:
  • “Tell me where is fancy bred, Or in the heart, or in t he head?”-The Me rchant of Venice
  • “The brain may devise laws for the blood, but a hot temper leaps o’er a cold decree.” – The Merchant of Venice
  • “Her beauty and her brain go not together. ” – Cymbeline
  • “He has not so much brain as ear-wax.” – Trai/us and Cressida
ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS & DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

CEREBRUM

This largest, topmost layer of the brain is the cerebrum. It’s what most people visualize when they use their brains to picture their brains. The external layer is called the cerebral cortex. Its outer por- tion is gray from the presence of billions of nerve cell bodies, while the inner portion is white from the tangle ofaxons coated in their myelin sheaths.

In 1999, scientists discovered that Albert Einstein’s inferior parietal lobe, associated with mathematical and spatial reasoning, was 15 percent wider than that of an average brain.

In the cerebral cortex lies the core of information processing that separates humans from other animals, including reason, language, and creative thought. Homo sapiens has more of its brain in the cerebral cortex-approximately 76 percent-than any other animal. (Chimpanzees rank second at 72 percent, while dolphins have only 60 percent.)

FISSURES AND HEMISPHERES

The cerebrum is divided into parts by deep fissures. The largest of the brain’s fissures is immediately evident to the naked eye. Down the center of the cerebrum, separating it into left and right hemispheres, is the longitudinal fissure. The left and right halves of the cerebrum appear to be nearly mirror images of each other.

While they look alike, the two halves perform and control very different functions. The left hemisphere long has been considered the dominant half because of its role in processing language, but the right hemisphere is gaining new attention for its role in emotions and spatial cognition, as well as the integrative function that helps bring bits of information together to create a rich image of the world.

Connecting the two hemispheres are bands of nerve fibers that allow information to be passed back and forth between the two halves of the brain. The largest bundle, containing about 200 million nerve fibers, is the corpus callosum.

Two divides known as the Sylvi an fissure and central sulcus lie on the outside edges of the hemispheres. Their locations serve as boundaries on a map, dividing the hemispheres further into four lobes. The frontal lobe lies forward of the central fissure. Between the Sylvian and central fissures are two lobes that merge together, the parietal followed by the occipital. Behind the Sylvian fissure is the temporal lobe.

ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

ANATOMY [ DIFFERENT PARTS, DIFFERENT RESPONSIBILITIES ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

THE FIRST STEP to a better understanding of the brain is getting acquainted with its parts. From the protective structures on the outside to the hardworking parts on the inside- knowing where each structure is and how it interacts with the world gives greater insight into brain function and the problems that mayanse.

The eight bones that form the cranium shield the brain from injury.
The eight bones that form the cranium shield the brain from injury.

PROTECTION

To take a tour of the human brain, begin with the crown of the skull, a collection of 22 bones that house the brain and protect it from harm. Except for the mandible (or jawbone), all of these bones are fused together and immovable. The topmost and rearmost bony parts form the cranium, the brain’s tough, protective shell.

Inside, three membranes present themselves to provide more layers of protection. Immediately under- neath the skull is the dura mater, Latin for “hard mother.” The next layer, the arachnoid, overlays the brain’s network of crevasses. Early observers likened it to the spun lace of a spider, giving it a name that means “cob- web.” The lowest of the three membranes, the pia mater (“tender mother”), is filled with tiny blood vessels. It embraces the brain surface like a mother cradling a child in her arms; every dip and rise in the brain matter is form-fitted by the pia. The ridges are called gyri, which means “twisters,” while its grooves are sulci, or furrows.

BRAIN CUSHION

Flowing between the arachnoid and pia membranes IS the brain’s cerebrospinal fluid. This liquid bathes the brain’s gyri and sulci, including the deepest grooves, which are known as fissures. Fluid- filled ventricles-the hollows that some philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas considered home to the mind-curve deep into the brain and connect to the spinal cord’s central canal. Cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain, provides nourishment for tissues, and perhaps acts as an internal channel of chemical communication.

Layers of coverings combine to cushion, protect, and support the brain.
Layers of coverings combine to cushion, protect, and support the brain.

Poet Lord Byron’s brain weighed 79 ounces, well above the average human brain’s weight of 48 ounces.

PROTECTION

The body has evolved formidable defenses to protect its most vital organ. While capillaries in other parts of the body allow cells to absorb harmful substances from the blood, the brain has the so- called blood-brain barrier with only limited permeability. Thick, tight membranes in the brain’s blood vessels screen out many substances in the bloodstream. Crucial chemical such as oxygen and glucose can cross into the brain, as well as a few harmful ones, such as alcohol and nicotine. Frustratingly, many beneficial chemical compounds, such as drugs designed to attack tumors, are turned back.

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NERVE CELLS – LIFE SPAN [ THE AMAZING BRAIN ]

NERVE CELLS – LIFE SPAN [ THE AMAZING BRAIN ]

Amazingly, the cells that perform the complicated ballet of electrochemical transmission can live more than a hundred years, but they do not get replaced like most other body cells. Except for the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb, where new neurons have been shown to grow from stem cells, the neurons a person has at birth are all he or she will ever have. During the busiest times of neuron generation in the developing brain of a Fetus, about a quarter million neurons are created every minute. They start from precursor cells and then migrate and differentiate.

When a neuron in the central nervous system dies or its long fibers are cut, it does not regen- erate. Medical science currently has no cure for catastrophic nerve injuries of the spinal cord, and once a major communication line to or from the brain has been cut, it cannot be repaired. But new research with neural stem cells sug- gests neurons may yet be coaxed into regeneration.

NERVE CELLS - LIFE SPAN [ THE AMAZING BRAIN ]

REEVE’S RESEARCH

RESEARCH INTO HOW TO regenerate nerve tissue after injuries like transections, a complete severing of the spinal cord, owes a great deal to the late actor Christopher Reeve. In 1995, Reeve shattered a cervical vertebra in a horseback riding accident and became paralyzed from the neck down, a condition known as quadriplegia. The injury was not quite a transection-he eventually regained some sensation-but nevertheless proved devastating. His public appearances in a wheelchair until his 2004 death drew attention to spinal injuries and ultimately raised millions of dollars to help seek a cure for nerve damage.

NEURON COMMUNICATIONS/ NEURONTRANSMITTERS [ NERVE CELLS ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

NEURON COMMUNICATIONS/NEURONTRANSMITTERS [ NERVE CELLS ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

Tim Berners-Lee, a creator of the World Wide Web, likens the brain’s complexity to the nearly infinite capacity for Web sites to connect to each other. “A piece of information is really defined only by what it’s related to,” he said. “The structure is everything. There are billions of neurons in our brains, but what are neurons? Just cells. The brain has no knowledge until connections are made between neurons. All that we know, all that we are, comes from the way our neurons are connected.”

Communicating with another cell, neurotransmitters journey across a synapse.
Communicating with another cell, neurotransmitters journey across a synapse.

Transmissions between neurons take place in two stages. The first is electrical. An electrical discharge travels the length of an axon. When it reaches the axon terminal that abuts the synaptic space, it sets the second stage in motion. This but- ton, like the rest of the nerve cell, has an outer wall called a mem-brane. Its envelope contains a solu- tion of messenger chemicals. These electrically charged chemicals move in the solution, constantly poised to respond to an impulse and exit through small openings of the membrane and into the synapse. When an electrical impulse arrives from the axon, if it is of sufficient strength it trips a trigger that releases one of the messenger chemicals, called a neurotransmitter, from storage in the button.

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

The neurotransmitting chemical then enters the synapse. Like a ferryboat crossing a small stream, the neurotransmitter traverses the synaptic cleft and attempts to link up with the dendritic membrane of a receptor cell. The journey across the synapse takes only a thousandth of a second. The receptor cell’s surface contains specially shaped docking sites, so particular neurotransmit- ters can dock only at the appropri- ate places, just as a key needs exactly the right shape to fit into a lock. The neurotransmitter either excites the receptor cell into action or dampens it into inaction. Once the receptor cell has been stimulated by the neurotransmitting chemical, the communication reverts to an elec- trical signal. It travels the length of the new cell until it reaches the synapse of another receptor cell, and starts the process all over again. After they have done their job in the synaptic space between nerve cells, neurotransmitting chemicals are reabsorbed by the transmitting neuron and prepared for rerelease (a process known as reuptake) or broken down and metabolized by enzymes in the synaptic space. It sounds like a lot of work, but neurons can repeat the electrochemical firing process up to a thousand times a second.

WAKING IN THE middle of the night on the eve of Easter, 1921, German-born pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873-1961) recalled an inspiring dream that gave him an idea for an experiment that would shatter scientists’ conception of neural communication.

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

Most turn-of-the-century brain Scientists believed nerves sent impulses via electric waves, firing sparks across the synaptic gap, neuron to neuron. In this way, they thought, motor intentions born in the cerebral cortex could be transmitted to receptor muscles and organs throughout the body. Only a handful of scientists-most notably Loewi and his English counterpart, Henry Daleargued that chemical neurotransmitters are released at the synapse. An accelerant, noradrenaline, causes the heart to beat more quickly, Dale said. An inhibitor, acetylcholine, induces the opposite. Yet Dale was unable to extract either chemical organically, and lacking proof, his case remained dormant.

Then, as Loewi recalled, a fateful frog experiment flashed to him in a dream, and he dashed to his laboratory. He began with two frogs’ hearts. Stimulat- ing the vagus nerve of one to slow its beating, he applied a residual solution from this donor to a second heart, from which he’d severed the vagus nerve. The second heart immediately slowed, as if discouraged by an unseen force. Loewi’s hypothesis was correct: A neurotrans- mitter (acetylcholine) had slowed the first heart, leaving a trace fluid-enough to slow the second, isolated heart.

Precursors to axons and dendrites, in yellow and blue, respond to nerve growth stimulation.
Precursors to axons and dendrites, in yellow and blue, respond to nerve growth stimulation.

The brain devotes huge amounts of neural circuitry to the hands, lips, and tongue.

Dozens of neurotransmitters have been identified, and more discoveries are expected. Certain neurotransmitters make muscles contract, help regulate sleep, and block pain. Research into the role of neurotransmitters in mental and physical health is constantly expanding, and neurotransmitter disorders have been linked to Parkinson’s disease, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, schizophre- nia, and a host of other illnesses.

NEURONS AT WORK [ CONNECTIONS / ACTION / GROWTH & SUPPORT / PLASTICITY ]

NEURONS AT WORK [ CONNECTIONS / ACTION / GROWTH & SUPPORT / PLASTICITY ]

Neurons serve different functions. Motor neurons carry impulses to activate glands and muscles. Sensory neurons send impulses from the skin and other body parts to the central nervous system. Interneurons, residing in the brain and spinal cord, integrate the signals and are crucial in making decisions. Thus, neurons allow for information from the body to reach the brain, be processed, and sometimes result in responses.

Some liken the neuron to an old- fashioned, landline telephone. The body of the neuron compares to the body of the phone, where sig- nals are processed. The telephone receiver compares to the dendrites and their ability to gather informa- tion. And the axon compares to a telephone line, sending informa- tion processed in the phone body along an electrically conductive wire. It has the potential to pass information along to any other phone on the planet

NEW CIRCUITS

IF NEURONAL CIRCUITRY rewires itself in response to stimulation, do the brains of teens raised on the Internet and high-tech gadgets differ from those of older genera- tions? The answer most likely is yes. UCLA psychiatrist Gary Small believes tech-savvy children strengthen synaptic connections for electronic communica- tion while their circuitry for a face-to-face world, such as reading body language, fades. Meanwhile, late adopters of technology lag in their ability to master new communication media.

MAKING CONNECTIONS

The human brain contains ill the neighborhood of 100 billion neurons. Each neuron reaches out toward others with an array of dendrites and axon terminals. Each is capable of communicating with any other and, in the process, forging thousands of synaptic connections through the thickets of dendrites and axon terminals. All told, the brain has hundreds of trillions of synapses. No computer can match the human brain for its complexity and its potential for creative thought.

NEURONS AT WORK [ CONNECTIONS / ACTION / GROWTH & SUPPORT / PLASTICITY ]

Communication occurs where two neurons come together. Camillo Golgi, a contemporary of Ramon y Cajal’s, believed that neurons physically touched each other, forming a continuous net- work of neural fibers. Ramon y Cajal disagreed. In his sketches, he painstakingly drew neurons whose dendrites invariably terminated at a tiny gap that prevented them from touching other neurons. His drawings did not lie.

In the synaptic cleft, a neuron communicates with its neighbors by issuing electrochemical commands that may be strictly localized or extend the length of the longest chains ofaxons.

PLASTICITY

Neurons are not physically bound to each other like so many lengths of pipe, so they have the flexibility to make, break, and remake relationships with other neurons. The ability to reshape neural interac- tions in the brain is referred to as plasticity. The brain’s ability to rewire itself helps it stay sharp.

The number of synapses may be as high as one thousand trillion, or the number 1 followed by 15 zeroes.

As the brain ages, it loses individual neurons, but it retains its power to form new connections that increase the mind’s complexity. In short, if new educational experiences challenge the brain to form new synaptic connections, its neurons will do more with less.

Experimental data with labora- tory animals demonstrate the principle of “use it or lose it.” When lab animals are placed in an environ- ment with challenging toys, their brains develop a far greater number of neuronal connections than those raised in a dull environment. The brains of animals from stimulating environments will even weigh more because of the greater number of synapses.

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ANATOMY OF A NEURONS [ NERVE CELLS ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

ANATOMY OF A NEURON [ NERVE CELLS ( THE AMAZING BRAIN ) ]

Each neuron has a main cell body. Like all cells, the neuron contains a nucleus and an exterior mem- brane, which sometimes receives electrochemical messages from other neurons. Chains of neurons send messages from the body to the brain: “Here is pain, in the left wrist.” “Here is the odor of soup.” “Here is a stony surface beneath the feet.” Chains also send mes- sages from brain to body: “Shake your hand “”Eat. “”‘Take a step. “

Each neuron has an array of branching fibers called dendrites that extend outward toward other neurons. Dendrites expand the surface area of the neuron, increas- ing its sensitivity to its neighboring neurons. While some neurons have only a few dendrites, others have hundreds. They act as receptors for signals traveling from other neurons, carrying information toward the main body of the nerve cell.

Each neuron also contains one electrically sensitive fiber called an axon extending from one end of the cell body. Axons may be as short as a fraction of an inch or as long as several feet, as is the case with axons extending from the spine to the toes. At the axon’s terminal end, as many as 10,000 branches spread out toward the dendrites of other neurons. Every branch terminates in a knoblike projection, like the business end of a paper match. These bulbs are called axon terminals, synaptic knobs, and boutons, or buttons.

Santiago Ramon y ajal, in a 1906 portrait, documented the existence of synapses.
Santiago Ramon y ajal, in a 1906 portrait, documented the existence of synapses.

OFTEN THE spirited competition between two great minds can yield amazing discoveries. Such was the case between Spanish neuroscientist Santiago Ramon y Cajal (1852-1934) and his Italian contemporary, Camillo Golgi (1843-1926), who shared the Nobel Prize in physi- ology or medicine in 1906. Ramon y Cajal was recognized for his deduction on the anatomy of a neuron; Golgi, for the staining process that made that deduction possible. Like most scientists at the time, Golgi held that neurons operate as one continuous, tangled network. Nerve cells must be fused, he said, to pass electrical impulses. Ramon y Cajal, howeveG envisioned chemical codes traveling across a synaptic gap between a single axon and the dendrites of the next cell. In 1887, Ramon y Cajal learned of Golgi’s staining technique and realized its superiority. He modified it, finding it worked well with thicker sections of nervous tissue. Bird sam- ples and tissue from younger animals were best, he surmised, because their axons lacked the protein sheath that obscures most nerve fibers. When impregnated with silver nitrate and viewed by microscope, these nerve cells jumped out as inky strokes on a yellowish background. La reazione nera-“the black reaction,” as Golgi called it-illuminated the infinitesimal as well as the road toward Ramon y Cajal’s revelation.

Around the length of most axons lies a special wrapping of fatty tissue called a myelin sheath. The sheath is formed by two kinds of glial cells, called Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. The wrap is not continuous; small gaps called nodes of Ranvier separate the cylinders of fatty tissue that surround the axons. The axon’s encompassing myelin acts as insulation, speeding the transmission of information in the form of nerve impulses moving at 9 to 400 feet per second.

TYPES OF GLIAL CELLS [ THE AMAZING BRAIN ]

When an electrical impulse reaches an axon terminal, it communicates across a tiny gap, called a synapse, separating it from the dendrite of another neuron. A few can connect directly with tissues of the skeletal muscles and glands, allowing direct communication.

Neurons differ in shape and complexity. Most, in particular the vast majority of those in the brain, are multipolar-they have one axon and a multitude of dendrites. The rest of the neurons are bipolar or unipolar. The former can be found in the retina, where neurons have a single dendrite. The latter, found in the peripheral nervous system, have a single extension from the main cell body that divides, like the cap of the letter “T,” into branches for an axon and dendrites.

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NERVE CELLS – THE BRAIN’S WORKFORCE

NERVE CELLS – THE BRAIN’S WORKFORCE

THE FUNDAMENTAL units of the brain, too small to see in Willis’s time, are two types of nerve cells. One type, the neuroglia (or glial-“glue”- cells), has the rather pedestrian task of supporting the nervous system. Neuroglia play a role in guiding neurons toward making connec- tions, promoting neuron health, insulating neuronal processes, and otherwise influencing neuronal functioning and, thus, information processing in the brain. Glial cells continue to divide over the course of a lifetime and fill in spaces in the brain. Glial cells come ill SiX varieties, with some playing a key role in physical health by attacking invading microbes.

NERVE CELLS -  THE BRAIN'S WORKFORCE

The human brain has about 100 billion neurons and about 50 trillion neuroglia.

NEURONS

The other type of cell in the brain is the nerve cell, or neuron. In the late 1800s, a Spanish neuroscientist, Santiago Ramon y Cajal, used a special solution containing silver to stain nerve cells and examine them under a microscope in great detail. Ramon y Cajal’s method worked on only about one in a hundred cells. Nevertheless, he was able to observe enough of the sil- ver-encrusted neurons to describe them in vivid detail. The nerve cell was the “aristocrat among the structures of the body,” he said, “with its giant arms stretched out like the tentacles of an octopus to the provinces on the frontier of the outside world, to watch for the constant struggles of physical and chemical forces.”

Seen en masse in the outer regions of the human brain, neurons appear gray to the naked eye. Hence, scientists exploring the brain described neurons as gray matter. When Agatha Christie’s fictional detective Hercule Poirot brags of the detec- tive work of his “little gray cells,” he is praising his neurons.

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BIRTH OF NEUROSCIENCE – THE AMAZING BRAIN

BIRTH OF NEUROSCIENCE – THE AMAZING BRAIN

Today’s scholars of the human brain and mind owe a great debt to Thomas Willis. Working in England in the middle of the 17th century, he meticulously observed and cataloged the anatomy of the human brain through dissection. Working in a medieval house at Oxford known as Beam Hall, Wil- lis-a short man with a mop of hair an observer once described as “like a dark red pigge”-cut open cadaver skulls to observe and examine the brains and nervous tissue inside. He snipped the nerves that held fast to the nose and eyes. Then he flipped the brain to gently remove the membranes clustered around the nerves, veins, and arteries at its base. Finally, he held up the brain and described it for his audience of natural philosophers, doctors, and the merely curious who had assem- bled to watch the spectacle.

Watching carefully, Willis’s assis- tant sketched the brain as he saw it laid bare. That anist, who illustrated Willis’s 1664 book Cerebri ANATOME (Anatomy of the Brain), was none other than Christopher Wren, who went on to design St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. Wren’s careful drawings of the human brain reproduce with nearly photographic clarity the contours and divisions easily recognized by modern medical students.

“I ADDICTED MYSELF to the opening of heads,” wrote Thomas Willis, the founder of neurology. Willis (1621- 1675) found direct examination of the human brain so much more enlightening than the course of study that had dominated medicine for 2,000 years: reading the works of Aristotle and Galen.

Willis Dreamed of nothing less than to “unlock the secret places of man’s mind.” He performed countless autopsies during his practice as a doctor in Oxford, England. He knew that the classic descriptions of the brain didn’t match what he saw with his own eyes. Thus, he set about removing and dissecting brains.

Wren developed a revolutionary method of inserting chemicals into the blood vessels of animals to better highlight the networks between them. Working with Willis, Wren injected india ink mixed with a hardening agent into vessels entering the brain. The ink made the vessels stand out like rivers and their tributaries drawn on a map.

A BETTER ASSESSMENT

Willis examined the com- plicated flesh of the brain and discarded the notion that its key functions lay in its ventricles, or spaces, where the ancients had conceived of spirits flowing and animating flesh. Instead, he correctly settled on the substance of the brain itself as the location of all the action.

Christopher Wren's 1664 drawing traces the brain's blood supply.
Christopher Wren’s 1664 drawing traces them brain’s blood supply.

Willis fancied fanciful language. He likened the brain’s two main hemispheres to a pair of military towers, stronger for their reliance on each other. He also compared two masses that shared an artery to two provinces bordering a river. But in the significance of his observations, Willis, who was a founder of the Royal Society, stayed true to sCience. He argued that in the brain’s convoluted folds and wrinkles, all memories, ideas, and passions found a home. All had a physical basis in the brain, he said. His studies became the first scientific investigation of the brain and nervous system. He called his work neurologie.

Willis’s dissections were crude by modern standards. Yet neuroscientists continue to follow the methods of Willis and Descartes: Look at the brain and the nervous system. Examine their parts. Trace the workings of the small bits and try to assemble them into a greater whole.

How far down the rabbit hole can the process go? Today’s neuroscientists are examining not just molecules, but also the atoms- and subatomic particles-that the universe of brain chemistry comprises. Like peeling an onion, each layer takes the researcher deeper and deeper, closer to the heart of the matter.

He examined the cerebellum, cerebral hemispheres, medulla oblongata, and other distinct parts. He tried to show how damage to particular areas of the brain might correspond with symptoms of diseases observed before death.

Willis experimented on a dog to demonstrate that blood reached the brain even if all but one artery were tied off. He got the idea from a human autopsy. The man had complained of headaches, but they went away and he lived for years. After the man’s death, Willis’s autopsy revealed that one carotid artery had become clogged, while the other had grown larger than normal. Willis guessed that the initial blockage of one artery had caused the head- aches, and the enlargement of the other had made them disappear. Willis and his experiments with a dog set him on a path any modern scientist would have recognized: observe, hypothesize, and test.

BRAIN OR SOUL – KNOWING ITSELF [ THE AMAZING BRAIN ]

BRAIN OR SOUL – KNOWING ITSELF [ THE AMAZING BRAIN ]

Descartes saw no physical soul in his tours of the body. Instead, he conceived the soul as noncorpo- real and thus above the mechanics that animated all flesh. Operating within the machine but not part of it, the soul oversaw humanity’s consciousness, will, and all other attributes that separate mankind from the animals. Furthermore, he said, “There is only one soul in us, and that soul does not have in itself any diversity of parts.”

Where, specifically, could that soul, or mind, reside within a person? Descartes sought his answer by going to his “books.” Dissecting the brains of calves-even though they supposedly had no souls-Descartes settled on a tiny gland deep in the brain. The pineal gland appeared to reside in a central location where nerves and the ventricles, or spaces, of the brain converged. Thus, he thought it a perfect candidate for the role of central actor in the drama of perception and action.

The turning of clock gears once provided a simple, mechanical metaphor for the brain.
The turning of clock gears once provided a simple, mechanical metaphor for the brain.

OUR UNDERSTANDING of how the brain functions often is expressed in the language of metaphor. The brain is sometimes a computer, a phone bank, a black box. The choice of metaphor often builds upon the dominant technology of the day.

Rene Descartes, the 17th-century philosopher, likened the brain to the animated statues in Paris’s Royal Gar- dens of Saint-Germain. Descartes described how the weight of a visitor’s foot on particular garden tiles opened or closed hidden valves and redirected water flowing through a network of pipes. Streams of water flowing inter- nally caused the statues, called automatons, to move. Descartes pictured the mind as an engineer who chose to open or close certain valves and redirect vital fluids through the brain’s ventricles.

With the dawn of the industrial revolution, scientists turned to clockwork mechanics for metaphors. Philosopher Gilbert Ryle coined the phrase “ghost in the machine,” a bodiless substance somehow throwing switches and mov- ing axles and gears, in framing one of the popular theories about the mind.

Telephone metaphors arose in the 20th century but were not complex enough to describe the vast, organic circuitry of the brain. The function of brain circuitry and the importance of neuronal networking gave rise to metaphors including computers and the integrated complexity of the Web. But even the most sophisticated computer cannot rewrite its own programming or be aware of its own existence. The brain so far has eluded the perfect metaphor.

“Let us then conceive here that the soul [mind] has its princi- pal seat in the little gland which exists in the middle of the brain,” he wrote, “from whence it radiates forth through all the remainder of the body by means of the animal spirits, nerves, and even the blood, which, participating in the impressions of the spirits, can carry them by the arteries into all the mem- bers.” Inside the pineal gland, at an infinitesimally small point, Des- cartes envisioned the mind orchestrating the actions of the body.

This dualism separating the mind and brain has been thoroughly challenged by modern science. The mind cannot exist without the brain; damage to the brain results in compromises to the mind. Nevertheless, the view espoused by Descartes still colors our view of ourselves to this day. Neurologists treat disorders of the brain. Psychiatrists and psychologists treat disorders of the mind. Only now, as neuroscience begins to tease out the biological processes at the root of emotional and behavioral illnesses, are the mind and brain coming together again.

MIND-BRAIN OR MIND-BODY PROBLEM

MIND–BRAIN OR MIND–BODY PROBLEM

Thus was born a conundrum that has sparked debate for many centuries. It’s called the mind-body or mind-brain problem. Attempts to solve the problem had to await the rebirth of the Renaissance. Direct observation and systematic testing of hypotheses provided the keys. The first direct, systematic observation of the human brain occurred in the 1300s when Italian medical schools began allowing human cadavers to be dissected. Authorizations came slowly at first, with one university permitting only one male and one female body to be cut up each year. With time, however, human autopsies became more commonplace. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) drew his extensive knowledge of anatomy from dissecting bodies. He fashioned a wax cast of an ox brain and assigned functions such as imagination, reason, and mem- ory to its various parts. Without a way to test his hypothesis, how- ever, he left room for disagreement

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MIND - BRAIN OR MIND - BODY PROBLEM

about what he observed. Critics said the part of the brain Leonardo assigned to the function of imagination was more likely related to sensation. As it was close to the sense organs, they said it must be the home of Sensus Communis, or common sense.

COGITO , ERGO SUM

More than a century later, mathematician and philosopher Rene Descartes aimed to ascertain more about the brain, and with greater clarity and certainty. The way to ascertain things with certainty, he believed, was to break them into their smallest parts and solve the pieces first.

Descartes began in the 1620s by addressing how humans know about the world. He wondered whether he could trust the reality he perceived with his senses. Such questions flourished in an age when Galileo and Copernicus were rewriting the laws that governed the movement of celestial bodies. Descartes knew that the rising and setting of the sun were functions of the Earth’s rotation instead of the physical movement of the sun around the Earth, but his eyes tricked him into believing the sun actually rose in the east and set in the west. To get at the heart of how he could know something with certainty, Descartes sat inside a Dutch inn and pondered the nature of knowledge. He looked at the furniture and asked himself how he could know for certain it existed. The answer: he could not. All he could settle on was that his

  • A 17-century Jamestown colony skull shows signs of brain surgery.
  • William Macewen removed a tumor from a young woman’s brain in 1879. She survived the surgery.
  • American physician Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) removed more than 2,000 brain tumors.
  • Portuguese doctor Antonio Egas Moniz performed the first prefrontal lobotomies on humans in the 1930s. While the surgery, which cut key fibers in the frontal lobes, had the desired effect of calming agitated patients, it also drained them of emotion. Lobotomies now are considered radical procedures.

perception of the furniture existed. His consciousness, his awareness of the world, lay beyond the pale of any doubt. Cogito, ergo sum: I think, therefore I am, he said, and thus the ultimate reality of the world lies in the mind’s perception of it. To Descartes, if a tree falls in a forest and there is nobody there to hear it, the lack of perception guides the answer as to whether it makes any sound.

DESCARTES DISSECTS

Not content to just consider the function of the brain, Descartes began to physically examine brain and nerve specimens to gather more data. He bought the car-casses of slaughtered animals at the butcher shops of Amsterdam and dissected them to learn more, through his observation, about the brain, nerves, and body. “These are my books,” he told visitors who asked to see his library.

Despite adopting first principles that demanded SKEPTICISM, Descartes took some leaps of faith as he examined brain and body. He considered nerves to be tubes that swelled and pulsated with living spirits, which pushed and pulled at muscle tissue. Nerves swollen with animal spirits could pull a foot back from a fire or turn the gaze from one object to another. Much of the action of movement was pure reflex, he said, carried out independent of will. (It’s not hard to see where this idea arose: Push your fingertip into a candle flame and see whether the idea to remove it occurs before you yank it back to safety.) According to Descartes, mechanical operations of the body and brain, working like an elaborate clock, recorded images through the eyes, engraved memories in the mind, and moved the body through the coordination of nerves.

THE AMAZING BRAIN – BRAIN EXAMINATION BY GALEN

THE AMAZING BRAIN – BRAIN EXAMINATION BY GALEN

Centuries later, Galen, a Roman physician who lived in the eastern Mediterranean in the second century of the Christian era, went beyond such mental exercises to test the brain for himself. He took a more hands-on approach and cut the sensory and motor fibers in pigs’ brains to observe the results.

Galen became the first to speculate that particular functions are carried out in specific parts of the brain. Furthermore, as a healer to wounded gladiators, Galen peered into holes rent in human bodies by the violent combat of the arena. He made rudimentary descriptions of the body's major organs and fleshed out the description of what he saw as the varieties of human spirit. The liver created desire and pleasure, he said. The heart gave rise to courage and the warmer passions. And the brain contained the rational soul.
THE BRAIN

Galen became the first to speculate that particular functions are carried out in specific parts of the brain. Furthermore, as a healer to wounded gladiators, Galen peered into holes rent in human bodies by the violent combat of the arena. He made rudimentary descriptions of the body’s major organs and fleshed out the description of what he saw as the varieties of human spirit. The liver created desire and pleasure, he said. The heart gave rise to courage and the warmer passions. And the brain contained the rational soul.

Vital spirits swirling in the spaces of the brain carried the spark of human intelligence. He believed they navigated throughout the body via a network of hollow nerve fibers. The brain’s instructions thus moved through tunnels like puffs of wind in pneumatic tubes.

Feelings, understanding, and consciousness arising in the physical structure of the brain? Unseen spirits causing the physical body to move? These were ideas that raised serious questions. If the qualities of thought that set humans apart from other animals-be it the sense of self, the mind, or the soul- resided in a physical organ, where, exactly, could such thoughts be found? And if thoughts and feelings had no substance, how could they act upon the physical matter of the human body?

THE BRAIN – A PLATONIC VIEW

THE BRAIN – A PLATONIC VIEW

Aristotle’s teacher, Plato, reasoned that the mind had to exist inside the brain because of geometry and pure logic. The brain was round, he said, and close to the perfect roundness of the sphere. It also inhabited the part of the human body closest to heaven.

THE BRAIN - A PLATONIC VIEW Aristotle's teacher, Plato , reasoned that the mind had to exist inside the Brain because of geometry and pure logic. The brain was round, he said, and close to the perfect roundness of the sphere. It also inhabited the part of the human body closest to heaven.
THE BRAIN
The idea that the mind survives the body's death appears quite ancient. Burial sites from 100,000 years ago reveal bodies interred with tools and food, possibly to help on journeys in the afterlife. Cave art possibly depicts spirit worlds.

Plato and other Greek philosophers theorized about the existence of a force that kept people alive and left them at death. They called this force psyche, or soul, and several said it resided in the brain. Some split the soul into three spirits. Humans and all living creatures took in life-giving essence from pneuma, or air. As pneuma moved through the body, it changed in ways that animated and strengthened its host. Digested food provided energy for the liver, where the pneuma became “natural spirit.” This spirit traveled to the heart to become the “vital spirit.” Then it traveled to the brain, where it transformed into the “animal spirit” that creates the conscious mind. Plato considered the soul that resides in the brain to be immortal, surviving the death of the body.

THE GREEKS AND THE BRAIN

THE GREEKS AND THE BRAIN

THE GREEKS were the first to begin to Recgnize the brain’s paramount status. About 2,500 years ago, a Pythagorean philosopher named ALCMAEON of Croton Favored the head over the heart as the home of sensory awareness. Consciousness arose in the brain, he said. ALCMAEON is reported to have peered into the skull of a dead animal after removing the eyes. He speculated on the possibility of life-giving spirits moving through open channels in the body, such as those he saw leading backward from the eye cavities. However, he probably did little to examine the human brain directly, given the Greek taboo against dissection.

Hippocrates (circa 460 B.c.-377 B.C.) took a similar view of the brain’s importance a half century later. “The eyes and ears and tongue and hands and feet do whatsoever the brain determines,” he wrote. “It is the brain that is the messenger to the understanding [and] the brain that interprets the understanding.” Furthermore, the brain gives rise to joys, sorrows, GRIEFS, and all other.

HISTORICALLY, GREAT thinkers have placed the mind-sometimes referred to as the soul or the psyche-at various places in the human body. Some candidates across time:


Aristotle: The heart. It’s in the center of the body and is the first organ to be discerned in an embryo.
Thomas Aquinas: The ventricles, or empty spaces, of the brain. Being pure spirit, it survives beyond death.
Rene Descartes: The pineal gland.
Hippocrates saw the brain as the potential generator of madness, depression, and other illnesses. He believed that four “humors”-black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm-governed the body’s health, as well as imbalances that led to illness. The brain was phlegm, he said, and if it became too wet its condition might lead to disorders such as epilepsy.
MIND HUNTERS

HISTORICALLY, GREAT thinkers have placed the mind-sometimes referred to as the soul or the psyche-at various places in the human body. Some candidates across time:

  • Aristotle: The heart. It’s in the center of the body and is the first organ to be discerned in an embryo.
  • Thomas Aquinas: The ventricles, or empty spaces, of the brain. Being pure spirit, it survives beyond death.
  • Rene Descartes: The pineal gland.

Hippocrates saw the brain as the potential generator of madness, depression, and other illnesses. He believed that four “humors”-black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm-governed the body’s health, as well as imbalances that led to illness. The brain was phlegm, he said, and if it became too wet its condition might lead to disorders such as epilepsy.

THE ANCIENT BRAIN – THE AMAZING BRAIN

THE ANCIENT BRAIN – THE AMAZING BRAIN

More than 4,000 years ago, Egyptian priests considered the brain to be worthless. After a person’s death, the most important organs were often removed and preserved. Prized above all was the human heart, which the priests believed contained the soul and the mind. In preparing a body for mummification, they slithered a hooked tool through the nose, removed the brain, discarded it, and packed the empty skull with cloth.

The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) was of the same mind as the Egyptians, believing the brain to be merely an elaborate series of channels designed to cool the blood as it circulated through- out the body. Like the Egyptians, he considered the heart to be the paramount organ of the mind and of thought.

THE ANCIENT BRAIN - THE AMAZING BRAIN - KNOWING ITSELF
THE ANCIENT BRAIN – THE AMAZING BRAIN

Although science has since discarded the idea of the heart as the home of humanity’s essence, our language is replete with examples of the ancient idea clinging to the imagination. This is especially true in love and romance. We speak of losing a heart to a loved one, suffering a broken heart, and being heartsick. In reality, falling in and out of love is a matter of losing our brain-or perhaps, as anyone insane with romance could tell you, our mind.

STAYING SHARP


YOUR BRAIN DOES not remain static, and there are ways to improve its performance. Like the muscles of your body, your brain gets stronger when it’s given a workout. Creativity, imagination, and other methods of cognition improve when your brain reacts to new perceptions, particularly if you actively try to experience the world in fresh ways. Read and think. Soak up the art at a museum. Listen to complex music, and let your mind explore its patterns. Enjoying music stimulates many sections of the brain and presents the opportunity for creating new brain circuitry. Some scientific research, which was Summarized in a book by physicist Gordon L. Shaw, suggests that listening to pleasurable music such as a Mozart sonata causes a short-term increase in the ability to solve spatial problems. Neurologist Richard RESTAK concurs with this finding. He believes that listening to Mozart for a few minutes each day may boost your cognition across many levels, from simple perceptions to deeper thoughts. EINE KFEINE NACHTMUSIK, ANYONE?

THE AMAZING BRAIN – KNOWING ITSELF

THE AMAZING BRAIN – KNOWING ITSELF

THE BRAIN should need no introduction. You should know it intimately. Afterwards all, the brain is what makes you you. But it’s a paradox that the organ that lets you know and connect with world understands so little about itself. Now, thanks to stunning research building upon decades-no, centuries-of investigation, science is peeling away the layers of mystery to reveal how three pounds of flesh create an entire universe inside your head.

KNOWING ITSELF – UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN


IT’S NOT MUCH to look at. Hippocrates , the Greek healer identified with the birth of medicine more than 2,000 years ago, thought it was made of moist phlegm. English philosopher Henry More, writing in the 1600s, compared it to bone marrow, a bowl of curds, or a cake of suet. Modern day neurologist Richard Restaksays it resembles nothing so much as a large, wrinkly, squishy walnut. Looks can be deceiving.
A magnetic resonance image of the human brain reveals it’s complex internally structure.

KNOWING ITSELF – UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN

IT’S NOT MUCH to look at. Hippocrates , the Greek healer identified with the birth of medicine more than 2,000 years ago, thought it was made of moist phlegm. English philosopher Henry More, writing in the 1600s, compared it to bone marrow, a bowl of curds, or a cake of suet. Modern day neurologist Richard Restaksays it resembles nothing so much as a large, wrinkly, squishy walnut. Looks can be deceiving.

The brain, a three-pound chunk of organic matter, is not only the body’s most marvelous organ, it is the most complicated object known. It is “wider than the sky,” wrote poet Emily Dickinson. “For, put them side by side, / The one the other will contain / With ease, and you beside.”

It is humbling to consider the brain and all that it does in every moment of our lives. In this corrugated mass of flesh, a staggeringly complex symphony of electrochemical reactions plays out every second of every day. Much of it does so without need of any conscious conductor to direct the ongoing melody.

KNOWING ITSELF - UNDERSTAND THE BRAIN
Nerves and spina l cord fan out from the brain in this stylized view of the neck and head.

The brain makes the lungs expand with the inrush of air, the heart pump blood, and the immune system fight off infection. It monitors pain and pleasure, signals when to eat and when to sleep, houses memones and thoughts, and manufactures dreams and ideas. It processes sounds and sights, smells and tastes, and feelings ranging from the subtle to the sublime.

THE HUMAN ORGAN

Beyond the work the brain does automatically comes something far different than mere mechanics. Out of the human brain arises consciousness-the unique ability of Homo sapiens, “thinking man,” to be aware of being aware. Consciousness, sometimes referred to as mind or possibly as soul, is difficult to define. A person in a deep sleep or a coma lacks an awareness, an alertness, that a waking person possesses. This heightened state of knowing about the world, and knowing about the knowing, is part of the definition.

The conscious brain chooses and acts. It assembles words through language and communicates ideas. It commands muscles to move, directing the backhand volley of a tennis racket and the driving of a race car. It allows parents to recognize their children, and children to bond with their parents. It is responsible for Shakespeare’s plays, Mozart’s music, and Einstein’s mathematical formulas.

THE BRAIN AT WORK

Truly, the thoughts, feelings, and memories that arise in the human brain are what define the species as well as being what make each person a ullique member of the human family.

[ External stimuli can physically alter the brain. For example, stress weakens the encoding of memories ]

All of these marvels occur beyond the resolution of the human eye. As it labors, the brain does not expand like the lungs or contract like a muscle. It carries out its work electrochemically at the molecular level. Much of the process of observing the brain rests on the ability to scan its interior with sophisticated computer- generated images requiring the use of x-rays, radioactive isotopes, and magnets. Small wonder, then, that only recently has science been able to examine the brain in detail and begin to explain its workings. Relying on macroscopic observation alone, research into the brain started extremely slowly.

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IKIGAI – THE ART OF STAYING YOUNG WHILE GROWING OLD

IKIGAI – THE ART OF STAYING YOUNG WHILE GROWING OLD

What is your reason for being?
According to the Japanese, everyone has an IKIGAI—what a French philosopher might call a raison d’être. Some people have found their IKIGAI, while others are still looking, though they carry it within them.
Our IKIGAI is hidden deep inside each of us, and finding it requires a patient search. According to those born on Okinawa, the island with the most centenarians in the world, our IKIGAI is the reason we get up in the morning.

Whatever you do, don’t retire!
Having a clearly defined ikigai brings satisfaction, happiness, and meaning to our
lives. The purpose of this book is to help you find yours, and to share insights
from Japanese philosophy on the lasting health of body, mind, and spirit.
One surprising thing you notice, living in Japan, is how active people remain
after they retire. In fact, many Japanese people never really retire—they keep
doing what they love for as long as their health allows.
There is, in fact, no word in Japanese that means retire in the sense of “leaving
the workforce for good” as in English. According to Dan Buettner, a National
Geographic reporter who knows the country well, having a purpose in life is so
important in Japanese culture that our idea of retirement simply doesn’t exist
there.
The island of (almost) eternal youth
Certain longevity studies suggest that a strong sense of community and a clearly
defined ikigai are just as important as the famously healthful Japanese diet—
perhaps even more so. Recent medical studies of centenarians from Okinawa and
other so-called Blue Zones—the geographic regions where people live longest—
provide a number of interesting facts about these extraordinary human beings:
Not only do they live much longer than the rest of the world’s population,
they also suffer from fewer chronic illnesses such as cancer and heart
disease; inflammatory disorders are also less common.
Many of these centenarians enjoy enviable levels of vitality and health that
would be unthinkable for people of advanced age elsewhere.
Their blood tests reveal fewer free radicals (which are responsible for
cellular aging), as a result of drinking tea and eating until their stomachs are
only 80 percent full.
Women experience more moderate symptoms during menopause, and both
men and women maintain higher levels of sexual hormones until much later
in life.
The rate of dementia is well below the global average.

Whatever you do, don’t retire!
Having a clearly defined IKIGAI brings satisfaction, happiness, and meaning to our lives. The purpose of this book is to help you find yours, and to share insights from Japanese philosophy on the lasting health of body, mind, and spirit.
One surprising thing you notice, living in Japan, is how active people remain after they retire. In fact, many Japanese people never really retire—they keep doing what they love for as long as their health allows.
There is, in fact, no word in Japanese that means retire in the sense of “leaving the workforce for good” as in English. According to DAN BUETTNER, a National Geographic reporter who knows the country well, having a purpose in life is so important in Japanese culture that our idea of retirement simply doesn’t exist there.

The island of (almost) eternal youth
Certain longevity studies suggest that a strong sense of community and a clearly defined IKIGAI are just as important as the famously healthful Japanese diet—perhaps even more so. Recent medical studies of centenarians from Okinawa and other so-called Blue Zones—the geographic regions where people live longest—
provide a number of interesting facts about these extraordinary human beings:

  • Not only do they live much longer than the rest of the world’s population, they also suffer from fewer chronic illnesses such as cancer and heart disease; inflammatory disorders are also less common.
  • Many of these centenarians enjoy enviable levels of vitality and health that would be unthinkable for people of advanced age elsewhere.
  • Their blood tests reveal fewer free radicals (which are responsible for cellular aging), as a result of drinking tea and eating until their stomachs are only 80 precent full.
  • Women experience more moderate symptoms during menopause, and both men and women maintain higher levels of sexual hormones until much later in life.
  • The rate of dementia is well below the global average.

The Characters Behind IKIGAI
In Japanese, IKIGAI is written as 生き甲斐, combining 生き, which means “life,” with 甲斐, which means “to be worthwhile.” 甲斐 can be broken down into the characters 甲, which means “armor,” “number one,” and “to be the first” (to head into battle, taking initiative as a leader), and 斐, which means “beautiful” or “elegant.”

Though we will consider each of these findings over the course of the book, research clearly indicates that the OKINAWANS’ focus on IKIGAI gives a sense of purpose to each and every day and plays an important role in their health and longevity.
The five Blue Zones
Okinawa holds first place among the world’s Blue Zones. In Okinawa, women in particular live longer and have fewer diseases than anywhere else in the world. The five regions identified and analyzed by Dan Buettner in his book The Blue Zones are:

  1. Okinawa, Japan (especially the northern part of the island). The locals eat a diet rich in vegetables and tofu typically served on small plates. In addition to their philosophy of IKIGAI, the MOAI, or close-knit group of friends , plays an important role in their longevity.
  2. Sardinia, Italy (specifically the provinces of NUORO and OGLIASTRA). Locals on this island consume plenty of vegetables and one or two glasses of wine per day. As in Okinawa, the cohesive nature of this community is another factor directly related to longevity.
  3. Loma Linda, California. Researchers studied a group of Seventh-day Adventists who are among the longest-living people in the United States.
  4. The Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. Locals remain remarkably active after ninety; many of the region’s older residents have no problem getting up at five thirty in the morning to work in the fields.
  1. Ikaria, Greece. One of every three inhabitants of this island near the coast of Turkey is over ninety years old (compared to less than 1 percent of the population of the United States), a fact that has earned it the nickname the Island of Long Life. The local secret seems to be a lifestyle that dates back to 500 BC.

In the following chapters, we will examine several factors that seem to be the keys to longevity and are found across the Blue Zones, paying special attention to Okinawa and its so-called Village of Longevity. First, however, it is worth pointing out that three of these regions are islands, where resources can be scarce and communities have to help one another.
For many, helping others might be an IKIGAI strong enough to keep them alive.
According to scientists who have studied the five Blue Zones, the keys to longevity are diet, exercise, finding a purpose in life ( an IKIGAI ), and forming strong social ties—that is, having a broad circle of friends and good family relations.
Members of these communities manage their time well in order to reduce stress, consume little meat or processed foods, and drink alcohol in moderation.
They don’t do strenuous exercise, but they do move every day, taking walks and working in their vegetable gardens. People in the Blue Zones would rather walk than drive. Gardening, which involves daily low-intensity movement, is a practice almost all of them have in common.
The 80 percent secret
One of the most common sayings in Japan is “Hara hachi bu,” which is repeated before or after eating and means something like “Fill your belly to 80 percent.” Ancient wisdom advises against eating until we are full. This is why OKINAWANS stop eating when they feel their stomachs reach 80 percent of their capacity, rather than overeating and wearing down their bodies with long digestive processes that accelerate cellular oxidation.
Of course, there is no way to know objectively if your stomach is at 80 percent capacity. The lesson to learn from this saying is that we should stop eating when we are starting to feel full. The extra side dish, the snack we eat when we know in our hearts we don’t really need it, the apple pie after lunch—all these will give us pleasure in the short term, but not having them will make us happier in the long term.

The way food is served is also important. By presenting their meals on many small plates, the Japanese tend to eat less. A typical meal in a restaurant in Japan is served in five plates on a tray, four of them very small and the main dish slightly bigger. Having five plates in front of you makes it seem like you are going to eat a lot, but what happens most of the time is that you end up feeling slightly hungry. This is one of the reasons why Westerners in Japan typically lose weight and stay trim.
Recent studies by nutritionists reveal that Okinawans consume a daily average of 1,800 to 1,900 calories, compared to 2,200 to 3,300 in the United States, and have a body mass index between 18 and 22, compared to 26 or 27 in the United States.
The Okinawan diet is rich in tofu, sweet potatoes, fish (three times per week), and vegetables (roughly 11 ounces per day). In the chapter dedicated to nutrition we will see which healthy, antioxidant-rich foods are included in this 80 percent.

MOAI: Connected for life
It is customary in Okinawa to form close bonds within local communities. A MOAI is an informal group of people with common interests who look out for one another. For many, serving the community becomes part of their ikigai.
The moai has its origins in hard times, when farmers would get together to share best practices and help one another cope with meager harvests.
Members of a MOAI make a set monthly contribution to the group. This payment allows them to participate in meetings, dinners, games of go and SHOGI(Japanese chess), or whatever hobby they have in common.
The funds collected by the group are used for activities, but if there is money left over, one member (decided on a rotating basis) receives a set amount from the surplus. In this way, being part of a moai helps maintain emotional and financial stability. If a member of a moai is in financial trouble, he or she can get an advance from the group’s savings. While the details of each moai’s accounting
practices vary according to the group and its economic means, the feeling of belonging and support gives the individual a sense of security and helps increase life expectancy.

A MATTER OF VIBES [ GOOD VIBES GOOD LIFE ]

A MATTER OF VIBES [ GOOD VIBES GOOD LIFE ]

A MATTER OF VIBES [ GOOD VIBES GOOD LIFE ]

My time at university was a financial struggle. Although I’d been given a student loan, most of it went on my accommodation. I had very little to live on. I couldn’t buy any course books because I couldn’t afford them. I wouldn’t ask my mum for money, because I knew she was struggling herself. I knew that if I did ask her, she’d somehow find the money for me as she had done her whole life, even if it meant that she couldn’t eat.

For the most part I budgeted well. I could go out and party with my friends regularly, I never went hungry, and I didn’t have to keep wearing the same clothes. I made a little money from online endeavours, like building customized page layouts on MySpace.

During one summer term I returned home for a break. I had no money left and everything felt hard. I didn’t want to go back to university because I didn’t enjoy the work and I had no motivation to complete my summer assignments. Having spent much of the year studying, I was forced to find a summer job so I’d be able stay afloat when I got back to university. All of my friends were planning a much-needed holiday together, and I couldn’t afford to go. And I was having problems with a girl. The drama I was experiencing in my romantic and platonic relationships constantly angered me, and didn’t feel good about life.

One evening, I came across a book called The Secret. People were saying it was changing their lives, and that everyone could benefit from it. It was founded on a simple principle: the Law of Attraction.

The premise of the Law of Attraction is that what you think about, you bring about. In other words, we can attract the things we want in our lives by committing our thoughts to them. This applies to the things you don’t want, as well as to the things you do want; quite simply, whatever you focus on will be returned to you. So, the Law of Attraction stresses the importance of thinking about what you want, rather than focusing on things you fear or dread.

The Law of Attraction places great emphasis on positive thinking.

To me, it sounded too good to be true, so I began to do more research and I read about people who were claiming that the Law of Attraction was bringing them astonishing changes. Could I apply this to my life, too?

I knew exactly what I wanted: to go on holiday with my friends. I needed roughly £500 for this to happen. So I followed the general guidelines and tried to be as positive as I could.

A week or so later, I received a letter from the tax office saying that I may have paid too much tax. Was this a sign that the Law of Attraction was working? I filled out the form to provide them with further details and posted it back to them as soon as I could. A week went by and I heard nothing. My friends were getting ready to book their holiday, and I felt miserable that I wouldn’t be able to join them. The potential of a tax rebate lingered in the back of my mind.

With growing frustration, I rang the tax office and asked them if they’d received my letter. They confirmed that they had, and that I’d hear back soon. At this point, I felt excited – but I was running out of time. The summer term was ending and my friends would be going away soon.

Another week went by and I still hadn’t received anything. I was starting to give up on the idea and told my friends to book the holiday without me. I decided to focus elsewhere and lift my mood by reading motivational material. At least this would make me feel a little bit better about life.

A few more days passed, then an envelope from the tax office arrived. I opened it nervously. Inside was a cheque for £800. I was shocked, overwhelmed and overjoyed. I got myself to the bank as fast as I could to deposit the cheque. Cheques usually take up to five days to clear, but this one was in my account within three days.

The following Monday my friends and I booked a last-minute holiday and flew out four days later. I had a wonderful time. But, more importantly, I became a believer in the Law of Attraction.

I decided that I was going to use this to change my entire life.

WHAT IS SELF – LOVE? [ GOOD VIBES GOOD LIFE ]

WHAT IS SELF-LOVE ? [ GOOD VIBES GOOD LIFE ]

What is self - love?
To achieve a sense of peace, we need balance: balance between work and play, between action and Patience, spending and saving, laughter and seriousness, leaving and staying. Failing to achieve a balance across every area of your life can leave you feeling exhausted, among many other unpleasant emotions, such as guilt.

Here's an example of balancing action and patience. If you're the project leader of a final - year University assignment and you catch a team member who you like on social media instead of helping your team, you may allow it to slide. If they do it on multiple occasions and you notice their productivity slipping, you may warn them that if it persists, you'll have to report them to your course leader. If they then choose to ignore you and continue their behaviour, would you feel guilty about taking further action?


If you're a kind and compassionate human being, you may fear hurting their feelings and getting them in trouble. By reporting them to the course leader, they may have to face severe consequences that affect their final grade and that might have implications on their future. However, they're disrespecting you and ignoring your warning. You may feel like they're taking your kindness for granted. And you might worry that other project members will be disheartened if they see your lenience as favouritism.

In this instance, if you're kind and honest, and follow a fair process, you needn't feel guilty for taking further action.

It's important to recognize that it's not unjust to let go of those who show no concern for you.

As project leader, you can remember that you tried your best and unfortunately, your friend chose not to respond. If you don't take action, you risk losing your inner peace, the respect of your team and harming your own final grade.

By taking a balanced approach, you gcan feel more at ease and avoid any bad feelings, such as guilt. You demonstrate both action and patience. You can show that you're Understanding and forgiving, 
self - love is the balance between accepting yourself as you are while knowing you deserve better, and then working towards it. 
and also firm and authoritative. The chances are that even if this student is upset by your decision, they will still respect you for giving them a chance.

So, what does this have to do with self - love? Well, the phrase 'self-love' is often misunderstood. Self-love encourages acceptance, but  many people use this as an excuse to remain unchallenged. In fact, self - love consists of two essential elements that must be balanced if one wishes to live a harmonious life.

The first element encourages unconditional love towards yourself. The focus is on mindset. The truth is, you won't love yourself more if, for example, you lose or gain weight, or undergo cosmetic surgery. You may feel more confident, sure. But true self - love is when you appreciate where you are and who you are, regardless of any transformation you aspire to.

The second element encourages growth, and the focus is on taking action. Improving yourself and your life is also self-love because it means you recognize that you deserve more than settling for mediocrity.

When it comes to self - love, think about what it means to love others unconditionally. For example, your partner may have annoying habits, but this doesn't mean you love them any less. You accept them as they are, and sometimes even learn from their flaws. You also want what's best for them. Therefore, if a particular habit were affected their health, you'd support them in making positive changes. This demonstrates your unconditional love for them. You don't judge them harshly but you do want them to be the best version of themselves -  for their own sake. Self - love is about applying this to yourself: having your own best interests at heart.

True self - love can be present in anything that adds value to your life, from your diet to your spiritual rituals or the way you interact within your personal relationships. And, of course, a significant aspect of self - love is acceptance: being content with who you are, as you are. As a result, self - love is empowerment and liberation.

An understanding of self - love allows us to find balance between mindset and action. Without balance we'll regularly stumble, fall and feel lost. When you love yourself, life will begin to love you back.

To achieve a sense of peace, we need balance: balance between work and play, between action and Patience, spending and saving, laughter and seriousness, leaving and staying. Failing to achieve a balance across every area of your life can leave you feeling exhausted, among many other unpleasant emotions, such as guilt.

If you’re a kind and compassionate human being, you may fear hurting their feelings and getting them in trouble. By reporting them to the course leader, they may have to face severe consequences that affect their final grade and that might have implications on their future. However, they’re disrespecting you and ignoring your warning. You may feel like they’re taking your kindness for granted. And you might worry that other project members will be disheartened if they see your lenience as favouritism.

In this instance, if you’re kind and honest, and follow a fair process, you needn’t feel guilty for taking further action.

It’s important to recognize that it’s not unjust to let go of those who show no concern for you.

As project leader, you can remember that you tried your best and unfortunately, your friend chose not to respond. If you don’t take action, you risk losing your inner peace, the respect of your team and harming your own final grade.

By taking a balanced approach, you gcan feel more at ease and avoid any bad feelings, such as guilt. You demonstrate both action and patience. You can show that you’re Understanding and forgiving,

Self-love is the balance between accepting yourself as you are while knowing you deserve better, and then working towards it.

And also firm and authoritative. The chances are that even if this student is upset by your decision, they will still respect you for giving them a chance.

So, what does this have to do with self – love? Well, the phrase ‘self-love’ is often misunderstood. Self-love encourages acceptance, but many people use this as an excuse to remain unchallenged. In fact, self – love consists of two essential elements that must be balanced if one wishes to live a harmonious life.

The first element encourages unconditional love towards yourself. The focus is on mindset. The truth is, you won’t love yourself more if, for example, you lose or gain weight, or undergo cosmetic surgery. You may feel more confident, sure. But true self – love is when you appreciate where you are and who you are, regardless of any transformation you aspire to.

The second element encourages growth, and the focus is on taking action. Improving yourself and your life is also self-love because it means you recognize that you deserve more than settling for mediocrity.

When it comes to self – love, think about what it means to love others unconditionally. For example, your partner may have annoying habits, but this doesn’t mean you love them any less.

You accept them as they are, and sometimes even learn from their flaws. You also want what’s best for them. Therefore, if a particular habit were affected their health, you’d support them in making positive changes. This demonstrates your unconditional love for them. You don’t judge them harshly but you do want them to be the best version of themselves – for their own sake. Self – love is about applying this to yourself: having your own best interests at heart.

True self – love can be present in anything that adds value to your life, from your diet to your spiritual rituals or the way you interact within your personal relationships. And, of course, a significant aspect of self – love is acceptance: being content with who you are, as you are. As a result, self – love is empowerment and liberation.

An understanding of self – love allows us to find balance between mindset and action. Without balance we’ll regularly stumble, fall and feel lost. When you love yourself, life will begin to love you back.

NUTRABAY PRO BCAA 8:1:1 WITH ELECTROLYTES – POST WORKOUT ENERGY DRINK

NUTRABAY PRO BCAA 8:1:1 WITH ELECTROLYTES – 7g VEGAN BCAAs, 1000 mg ELECTROLYTES, INTRA / Post Workout Energy Drink, Muscle Recovery & Endurance, Lean Muscle Building for Men, Women & Athletes, Keto Friendly, Caffeine Free – 250g Lemon Lime, 25 Servings

  • Nutrabay PRO BCAA contains 7g Branched Chain Amino Acids – Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine in the ratio of 8:1:1 respectively. BCAAs are required to keep the body in an anabolic state to increase muscle protein synthesis and enhance muscle recovery
  • Each serving of Nutrabay BCAA supplement for men and women provides 1000 mg of electrolytes including Sodium and Potassium to keep your muscles hydrated during heavy-duty workouts and intense training sessions
  • Banned Substance Free : Athletes can be assured it has undergone rigorous checks and testing to ensure that it is not contaminated with any banned substances and is safe to use
  • Nutrabay 8:1:1 contains BCAAs from a vegan source compared to the commonly used animal source in other BCAA supplements. No added sugar eliminates unnecessary calories
  • Refreshing Flavours : Nutrabay BCAA 8:1:1 is available in two refreshing flavours – Guava Punch & Lemon lime to provide a refreshing energy drink for workouts. It mixes easily with 250 – 300ml Cold Water, Juice or Favourite Drink

Instagram Guides For Beginners – Grow Your Business

Instagram Guides will help you grow your audience and business

Instagram released a new feature called Guides which is exciting news for marketers, content creators, and entrepreneurs a like.


Instagram Guides are the best Way

Being able to create a compilation of posts around a certain theme is a brilliant way to recommend content to your audience. From sharing recommendations to creating informational threads, Instagram Guides are the best way to share new forms of information with your audience.Being able to create a compilation of posts around a certain theme is a brilliant way to recommend content to your audience. From sharing recommendations to creating informational threads, Instagram Guides are the best way to share new forms of information with your audience.

You will gain a comprehensive understanding of the feature, an overview of Instagram Guides, and knowing when to use them.

Here’s what you’ll discover inside this course:
• Basic information about the Instagram platform
• What Instagram guides are
• How to use Instagram Guides
• Knowing whether Instagram Guides are the right post type
• Pros of Instagram guides
• Cons of Instagram guides
• A step-by-step method for creating guide
• Creating different types of guides
• Information about product guides
• Information about places guides
• Information about posts guides
• Some inspiration for guides you can create!
• How to promote your guides
• The mystery of the Instagram algorithm
• How to build a following
• Making sure you are a business account
• Using guides to remain on-brand
• How to tell the “success” of content

And much more!

EXERCISE & WEIGHT LOSS [ FITNESS SUCCESS ]

Getting fit is on the minds of most people. However, many people are not Consistent and fail in the first three months of an exercise program. But if it becomes a habit and they stick to it, something magical happens after four months. You are finally getting the results you expect and chances are you will continue with the exercise program.

Here a 10 simple tips to help you with your fitness success.

  1. Get Moving. Resolve to be active in a variety of physical activities on a regular basis that will develop strength, cardiovascular capacity and flexibility.
  2. Prime the Pump. Resolve to participate in physical activities that involve the large muscle groups of the body.
  3. Let Your Muscles do the Work. Resolve to lift weight or use resistant exercises to place demands and challenge your muscles.
  1. Loosen Up. Resolve to stretch regularly – before and after or during exercise. Remember to move your muscles through their full range of motion on a regular basis.
  2. Win the Losing Game. Resolve to maintain your weight at an appropriate level. If you need to lose weight, a general rule to follow is to eat less and exercise more (both in moderation).
  3. Watch What You Eat. Resolve to eat a healthy diet. Good nutrition equates to good health. Good nutrition involves providing your body with the required nutrients in appropriate amounts.
  1. Chill Out. Resolve to keep matters of your life in proper perspective. Know what factors you can and cannot control in your life. Don’t “stress out” over those things beyond your control. See change as an opportunity, not a threat.
  2. Get Plenty of Rest. Resolve to get enough sleep. The basic guideline concerning how much sleep you need is whatever enables you to feel refreshed, alert and in relative good spirits the next day. Sleep helps to rest and restore your body – both physically and mentally.
  3. Keep Your Focus on the Task at Hand. Resolve to make time to exercise on a regular basis. Consistency gets results. Focus on the muscle you are exercising. Don’t just go through the motions.
  4. Keep in Mind that “There is no Free Lunch.” Resolve to commit to sound lifestyle choices. For example, don’t smoke. Maintain an appropriate level of body fat. Avoid the latest fitness and diet fads, magic potions and exercise gadgets that seem too good to be true (they always are).

Once you purchase our fitness training set, you will see your weight loss results soon! Our pieces of training contain light stretching exercises and hard-core ones to cater to clients’ demands. 

You don’t need to fret if you can do the exercises not because the training provided in our package is fit for both men and women. 

Weight loss is not about achieving results quickly, and it is about incorporating healthy habits into your daily life to become a lifestyle. And we will help you achieve that. 

I’ll provide advice to help you curate an effective workout plan and learn about workout nutrition.

HEALTHFARM DIET [ WHEY PROTEIN ] – WEIGHT LOSS PROTEIN FORMULA

HF Series Diet Whey 30g Protein |Weight Loss Protein Formula |For Lean Muscle Gain Protein |Protein for Women & Men|2kg|Flavour-Butter Almonds

STIMULATE WEIGHT LOSS: Carnitine works as a fat transporter, helping to move fat cells to the mitochondria where they are burned for energy.

  • ABSORBS FAST and DIGESTS EASILY – Whey peptides are an ultra-pure, rapidly absorbed and quickly digested whey protein powder that allows you to recover faster, build more lean muscle and get better results from your training sessions.

TASTES GREAT and MIXES EASILY – Two great, mouth-watering milkshake flavors: Vanilla Ice Cream and Double Rich Chocolate. Mixes instantly with cold water or milk in a shaker cup or glass. Also works well when blended in smoothies.

CONVERT FAT TO ENERGY: HF Series uses two popular ingredients that have been clinically shown to help with weight management. CLA and carnitine work synergistically to help the body convert fat cells into energy.

  • HIGH-QUALITY: Tested to meet industry standards.

Muscle Blaze [ Creatine HMB Powder ] Muscle Protein

Muscle Blaze Creatine HMB Powder with myHMB, for Strength, Power & Endurance, Muscle Protein Synthesis (Unflavoured, 125 gm / 0.27 lb, 26 Servings)

MuscleBlaze Creatine HMB: Get the edge with Creatine HMB- Powered by MyHMB!

MuscleBlaze introduces a power-packed high-strength formula crafted to boost strength, endurance, and performance. It’s not your ordinary creatine supplement but an advanced creatine formula that is packed with the power of HMB. Multiple studies have shown that creatine and HMB together deliver stupendous results and the effects may be greater than taking them in an isolated way.

MuscleBlaze Creatine HMB helps in boosting muscle recovery and lean muscle mass gain. The combination of creatine and HMB helps in improving strength and endurance and decreases fat mass. This combination is also good for reducing muscle catabolism as HMB is anti-catabolic.

3g Creatine

Each serving of MuscleBlaze Creatine HMB fuels you with 3g creatine that helps you to gain muscle, enhance strength, and improve exercise performance. It helps in augmenting muscle size and helps your muscles generate energy during heavy-duty exercises and lifting.

1.5g HMB

This creatine HMB supplement offers 1.5g HMB, β-hydroxy β-methyl butyrate, an active metabolite of leucine in each serving. HMB helps in boosting protein synthesis and reducing protein breakdown. It has a combined anti-catabolic and anabolic impact that helps in building lean muscle mass along with better muscle and strength. It also boosts power and reduces muscle breakdown post intense workouts. It enhances protein synthesis through multiple mechanisms including the mTOR pathway.

More Potent Than Leucine

HMB being an active metabolite of Leucine is more potent than Leucine which implies Leucine is further broken down in HMB. Only 5% of dietary Leucine gets converted to HMB, which means you’ll have to consume 30g of Leucine or around 300g of protein to get 1.5g of HMB, which is not very convenient. With Creatine HMB supplementation, you can avail all benefits of HMB directly.

Powered by MyHMB

This MuscleBlaze Creatine HMB powder contains a branded HMB called MyHMB. MyHMB has been widely studied for its efficacy & safety. There are around 50 human studies, 40 review articles, and 4 meta-analyses that support it. With a premium ingredient like MyHMB, MuscleBlaze Creatine HMB comes with a trust of premium quality for your bodybuilding goals.

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Benefits of Creatine HMB

MuscleBlaze Creatine HMB helps in enhancing lean muscle gain and improves your performance at the gym. HMB has an anti-catabolic and anabolic impact that helps in developing lean muscles along with better strength and muscle gains. It helps in reducing muscle breakdown after intense training. HMB present in the product helps in improving protein synthesis through upregulation of anabolic signaling pathways and minimizing proteolysis through downregulation of catabolism, as it has anti-catabolic properties. The blend of HMB and creatine works wonders in improving strength, recovery, and boosting endurance in bodybuilders and athletes.

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HF SERIES SIGNATURE WHEY PROTEIN

HF Series Signature Whey protein Powder|With added EAA and Glutamine|62 servings|Build Lean and Bigger Muscles|2Kg|Flavour-Signature Chocolate

PROTEIN POWDER WITH BCAAs: Whey Protein Isolate is a high-quality protein that is both bioavailable and easily digested.

PROTEIN POWDER for LEAN MUSCLE – Whey peptides promote rapid recovery from exercise and support an insulinogenic response for improved nutrient delivery for men & women. Builds lean muscle, increases strength and enhances performance.

USE ANY TIME OF DAY  post-workout, between meals, as a snack, or as a treat.

Cold filtered, multi-phase filtration reduces fat, lactose and impurities without using heat, harsh acids or salt.

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OSOAA PRO XXL MASS GAINER PROTEIN

OSOAA Pro XXL 1:6 Mass Gainer Protein, 478 Calorie- Creatine, Citrulline, Glutamine, Enzymes, 28 Immunity Vitamin & Mineral, Fast Muscle Weight Gain, 8Serving (French Vanilla, 1 KG)

SPN-TRA

OSOAA brings to you Pro XXL 1:6 Mass Gainer which is a surreal mix of dietary protein, carbohydrates, essential vitamins, minerals and a multitude of calories that ensure quick mass gain along with a speedy recovery. The ideal blend of slow and fast releasing proteins provides sustained release of protein to your muscles for a longer duration to help maximize muscle gain and strength.

French Vanilla

OSOAA Pro XXL 1:6 Mass Gainer has a high carbohydrates to protein ratio that provides your muscles with the much-needed protein whilst providing enough carbohydrates to fuel your high-intensity workouts. Each serving of this mass gainer contains 1g each of Creatine, Glutamine and Citrulline. This combination promotes muscle growth and recovery, strengthens immunity and boosts heart health to help you achieve lean mass gain and increase muscle size.

Features:

Powerhouse of healthy fatsTaste & FlavourUsed To Prepare Shakes or Desserts
Powerhouse Of Good FatsThis mass gainer contains all good fats that improve your heart health. These include fats like HOSO (High Oleic Sunflower Oil) that helps in repairing the body and maintaining adequate cholesterol levels in the body. Good fats also help to keep you mentally active, support the nervous system, fight fatigue and gain muscle mass.Taste & FlavourIf you are taking a mass gainer on a regular basis, it should have a good taste and flavour so that you enjoy every sip of it. With this intent, OSOAA has made this XXL Mass Gainer available in different flavours that cater to your taste buds. These flavours are liked by men and women alike, thereby making this product a good choice for everyone.Used To Prepare Shakes or DessertsOSOAA Mass Gainer can be added to any beverage such as water, smoothie, milk, yoghurt etc. It can also be added to desserts like cake or cookie mixture to make them protein-rich. Due to the various ways in which you can consume this mass gainer, it becomes a versatile addition to your life.
OSOAA Pro XXL
Balanced FormulationEssential NutrientsImmunity BoosterMuscle building
Balanced FormulationThis formula is made using a powerful blend of carbohydrates and proteins in a ratio of 5:1 [80g carbs, 15.8g protein]. This formula helps you to stay lean and muscular while gaining the right proportion of mass. Moreover, with no added sugar, harmful chemicals or hidden ingredients, this formula is safe for consumption.Essential NutrientsEach serving (100g) of this OSOAA Mass Gainer comes with a host of essential nutrients that promote muscle growth and recovery. These include 15.8g protein, 80g carbohydrates, 1g creatine, and 495 calories. This Mass Gainer also contains 28 vitamins and minerals with high RDAs of Vitamin C, Vitamin D3 and Zinc. These ingredients are known to support your immune system and ensure maximum recovery rate.Easily Digestible SupplementThe highlighting feature of this mass gainer is that it is very easily digestible, thanks to the presence of digestive enzymes that break down complex carbohydrates and proteins. The blend of slow and fast releasing proteins ensures muscle growth while the easily digestible carbohydrates provide you abundant calories to fuel your intense workout regime.MUSCLE Building your goal is gaining muscle, then you need to consume more energy than you are burning. The presence of creatine in this Mass Gainer ensures that you get ample amount of energy during a high-intensity workout. This formula gives you proper strength and stamina to keep your workout goals on track.

Place Your Order

AFFILIATE MARKETING SECRETS [ EBOOK ]

The Ultimate Guide To Affiliate Marketing Even If You’re A Beginner

Advantages and Benefits of Affiliate Marketing

If you’re looking for a way to make money online, you should consider affiliate marketing. There are numerous benefits to becoming an affiliate. These include:

~ There’s no production cost-If you wanted to set up a business selling products online you’d have to buy, ship, and store the products. It can be costly. If you have an affiliate program, production cost isn’t an issue. The merchant has already paid for the development of the product.

~ The set-up cost is low-You probably already have a desk, an internet connection, and a computer. That’s all you need to get started.

~ There are no fees or licenses to pay-Affiliate programs are usually free to join. Your geographic market reach is as big as your ability to promote your site. The internet is a worldwide marketplace. You can take advantage of this market.

~ You can sell almost anything-There are a few blog sites that probably wouldn’t be able to find a product to promote that is related to their niche, but they are limited. Almost everything you can think of is sold online. There are thousands of affiliate programs, so it is easy to find products related to your current site or the site you are planning to set up.

~ You don’t have to handle any sales to make money from them-You have no inventory, no order processing, and no shipping to deal with. You making money from sales by promoting the products, not having take care of the actual sales process.

~ You can work from home-If you’ve ever had a long commute to work, you can really appreciate the ability to work from home. It’s also a great way to get to spend more time with your family. You won’t have the normal work expenses like gas, buying lunch, wardrobe, etc. You can work from home in the comfort of your pajamas if you want.

~ If you have your computer with you, you can work from anywhere in the world-Have you ever wanted to travel, but taking off from work isn’t an option? If so, affiliate marketing is perfect. You take your office with you. You wouldn’t have to spend more than a few hours a day working, and you could visit anywhere you wanted and still be able to work.

~ There is a minimal level of risk-If you try to sell a product and it isn’t making you any money, you just stop selling it and try something else. All you have to do is take down your links and promote another product. It’s that simple. You don’t have to worry about being stuck in a long-term contract that binds you to promote a product that doesn’t sell.

~ There is potential for high income-With your own affiliate business online, your potential for income is only limited by your efforts.

Only 7$ – Place Your Order

TERRA ORIGIN Grass-Fed Whey Protein

TERRA ORIGIN Grass-Fed Whey Protein, 24G Whey Protein, Stevia leaf Extracts, Grass-Fed Whey Protein Concentrate and Isolate for Repair and Build Muscle (Vanilla)


Product Description

Terra Origin
Whey Protein
Vanilla Whey Protein

What sets our protein apart?

Terra Origin uses a natural form of protein structure obtained from 100% grass-fed cow’s milk that is gentle on digestion & absorption. It is free of antibiotics, hormones, GMOs, fillers, etc. We use science to formulate milk-derived proteins; amino acids including BCAAs; omega fatty acids and more, to increase bioavailability for your fitness regimen. Most importantly, our blends are made at our FDA-registered, GMP-compliant US facilities to ensure no ambient impurities tamper with the quality of our products.

Why choose grass-fed protein?

whey protein zero sugarwhey protein supplementwhey protein energy
SourcingGrass-fed protein is sourced from cows that graze in organic pastures i.e. eating & moving which facilitates digestion. It is good for the cow’s health. We use rotational grazing methods to protect the topsoil i:e the cows graze on one patch at a time, with regular intervals, which allows the soil to regrow new grass.More BenefitsTerra Origin Grass-fed protein has higher levels of immune-boosting, bioactive compounds as well as beta-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, cysteine (antioxidant), and lysozyme.Clean & NaturalProtein obtained from grass-fed cow’s milk contains no preservatives, antibiotics, hormones, or fillers. Additionally, our products are made at FDA-registered, GMP-compliant US facilities to ensure no ambient impurities tamper with the quality of our products.
whey protein powder

Why is Terra Origin a cut above the rest?

  • FDA registered
  • Made in state-of-the-art US facilities
  • Ethically-sourced, clean ingredients
  • Inspired by India, made in USA
  • Non-GMO
  • Result-oriented

Getting your daily dose of protein just got yummier!

Enjoy Terra Origin 100% Grass-fed Protein in a delicious Vanilla variant

+2 more exciting flavors

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Rektron 100% Isolate Whey Protein Powder With Digestive Enzymes

Rektron 100% Isolate Whey Protein Powder With Digestive Enzymes Zero Sugar Protein – 2 lbs, 30 Serving Low Carb (Alpha Mango Flavour)

Rektron Healthcare was established in 2017 and since then it is delivery in top notch quality products. He believes in self manufacturing and self marketing hence our motive is to deliver top quality nutrition supplements in India. Rektron is proudly an Indian brand which aims to raise the bar of Indian Protein supplement. It is due our esteemed efforts that customers are rating 4/4.5 star plus to Rektron products without any promotions. With this thought, our vision is to be a leader in providing world-class nutraceutical manufacturing facilities for a healthier world. Rektron has developed a culture of centering on service excellence. The company has provided nutraceutical manufacturing to both large and small players. Our company focuses on developing and providing high quality health & wellness products using superior technology and continuous innovations to provide maximum value to our customers.

About this Product:

Premium Quality Whey Protein Isolate with Digestive Enzymes. Rektron’s Isolate Whey Protein – American Ice Cream flavor is a LAB tested product and Nutritional value are as per LAB reports. Rektron intend to serve the actual deliverable than hypothetical values.

Whey Protein Isolates (WPI)

Whey Protein Isolates (WPI) are the purest form of whey protein that currently exists. WPIs are costly to use, but rate among the best proteins that money can buy. By using WPI as the primary ingredient, we’re able to pack 0Gm Sugar ,25.37 Gm Protein ,113Kcal into serving of Rektron’s Isolate Whey Protein to support your muscle building needs after training.

whey protein

Direction To Use

  • Morning: You can use this as a First Meal in the morning to get the Energy and Protein for upcoming Day.
  • Pre Workout: This can be used as a pre workout shake to get those muscle a healthy and rich source of Protein.
  • Post Workout: It is really important to have a Protein Rich Diet After an Intense Sessions, hence This can be used as a post workout shake to get those muscle a healthy and rich source of Protein.
  • Before Bed: According to Indian Tradition we usually take milk before bed. To increase the Muscle you can put a scoop in 200-300 ml of skimmed milk for overnight relies of protein for recovery of muscles.
whey protein

High Protein Content

Our Protein Delivers 25.37 Grams of High Quality Protein Per Serving (30 Grams) which makes it a highly effective product for muscle synthesis and gain.

whey proteinwhey proteinwhey protein
UsageIt can be used in various ways most effective way is to have 1 Scoop of Rektron’s Isolate Whey Protein (30 Gm) in 200 ml of Cold Water & blend for 45 to 60 seconds for a thick creamy shake. Also this can be used to make various types of Shakes, Smoothies, Cakes, Bars.Promotes Muscle BuildingGain Lean Muscles Like Never Before, With Rektron’s Whey Protein. In Its Natural, Raw Form, Whey Protein Is Ideal For Those Who Love An Intense Workout As It Boosts Recovery And Reduces Muscle Loss.Shape Your BodyThe amino acids in protein are the building blocks of muscle protein synthesis. A whey protein shake consumed before or after exercise helps kick-start this recovery process.

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Hey, we use Wise to send money abroad. Really easy and a lot cheaper than the bank! Give it a try with a fee-free transfer of up to 25,000 INR.

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Abbzorb Nutrition Zero Carb Isolate with Digestive Enzymes

Abbzorb nutrition Zero Carb Isolate (Vanilla) 1kg, 31.3g Protein per serving with Digestive Enzymes, Guaranteed Lab Report

PURE WHEY PROTEIN ISOLATE – Abbzorb Zero Carb Isolate Vanilla helps to gain lean muscles and supports muscle recovery. This Zero Carb Isolate Powder provides optimum nutrition (30g protein) after heavy exercise to repair muscle loss with zero delivery of carbohydrates.

WHEY PROTEIN ISOLATE – Abbzorb Zero Carb Isolate Vanilla uses fast-absorbing ultra-filtered whey protein concentrate imported from Globally Sourced- most pure, clean and natural protein powder.

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MEET ATHLETIC AND FITNESS GOALS – Abbzorb Zero Carb Isolate Vanilla delivers over 7.9 grams of naturally occurring Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs). Each scoop provides 129 Kcal Energy- best for intense workout, effective in muscle gain and protein synthesis.

WITH DIGESTIVE ENZYMES – Your Abbzorb Zero Carb Isolate Vanilla contains 66mg of added Digestive Enzymes. This helps in the easy absorption of protein and restores energy. Suitable for Lactose intolerant.

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Greenex Nutrition ISO Legend Whey Protein Isolate for Muscle Growth & Fat Loss

Greenex Nutrition ISO Legend Whey Protein Isolate for Muscle Growth & Fat Loss, Zero Carbs & Zero Fat Isolate Protein Supplement, Kosher USA Certified (Dream Chocolate, 4.4 Lbs (2Kg))

GREENEX NUTRITION
  • Making the best sports nutrition available to everyone: Greenex Nutrition is India’s leading sports nutrition brand with the largest range of premium sports nutrition products for healthy living and high performance. We pride ourselves in providing a broad selection of products at an exceptional value to power this, including a range of dietary needs including vegetarian, dairy-free and gluten-free.
  • Authenticity
  • Quality

GXN ISO LEGEND ISOLATE WHEY PROTEIN

  • GXN ISO Legend whey protein isolate is a leading, pure whey protein isolate formula that focuses on high protein with a low amount of fat and carbohydrates. An ideal formula for putting on lean muscle mass without adding unwanted body fat.
  • GXN ISO Legend whey protein isolate is a confidently fuel used for faster recovery, increased lean muscle building and accelerated fat burning.
  • GXN ISO Legend Whey protein provides 30 grams of protein per serving with no fat or carbs.
  • 30g of Protein & 6.9g of BCAA
  • Zero Carbs & Zero Fat
  • Build lean & Ripped muscles

Boost Muscle Endurance:

  • When you train hard, you definitely should give your body the nutrients it needs to grow. GXN ISO Legend is a whey protein isolate that increases your muscular endurance, it has been proven to increase strength and muscle size in resistance training.

Build Lean and Ripped Muscles:

  • GXN ISO Legend is one of the best isolate whey protein for bodybuilders to fulfill your nutritional requirement for optimum performance and build lean and ripped muscles. ISO legend includes a high ratio of Protein, EAA, and BCAA.

Zero Carb and Zero Fat:

  • Get stronger than ever before with GXN ISO legend whey protein. ISO legend provides 30g of protein per serving, 6.9g of BCAA(s), zero carbs and zero fat. It is designed to improve recovery rates and the growth of muscle tissue. With over 6 flavours to choose from, you can build your dream body in record time.

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GAME PRO Nutrition ( GPN ) 100% Whey Protein – HEALTHFARM

Gpn 100% Whey Protein Powder ,Whey Protein Concentrate + Whey Isolate Protein Powder|55 Servings (CHOCOLATE, 2kg-4.4lbs)From HEALTHFARM

GET 100% WHEY (ISOLATE+CONCENTRATE):Combination of Isolate and concentrate supplies 100% whey benefits every athlete, bodybuilder, or weightlifter by supplying the prime quality macronutrient protein formula with essential amino acids helps to get fasten post-workout recovery, removing muscle fatigue, increasing muscle growth, faster and healthier absorption rate along with delicious lip-smacking flavors-Double Chocolate, Vanilla, and Mango.

GET ATHLETIC FIT POWER MUSCLES:Get rid of muscle cramps and body fatigue after an intense workout. Each 1 serving scoop is a highly potent 25gm protein that delivers strong toughness to your muscles, maintains an optimum level of protein in your body, and provides maximum wellness.

HEALTHY METABOLISM RATE:Best to give a healthy metabolism rate, enhance blood circulation, elevate mood, increase oxygen flow, tighten skin, upgrade immunity system, enhance nerve system and give complete nourishment to your body.

OVER 5G OF BCAAS – help build lean and strong muscles with naturally occurring BCAAs

BANNED SUBSTANCE TESTED – highest quality control measures so you feel comfortable and safe consuming the product.

AFFORDABLE SUPPLEMENTS: GPN is committed to the idea that your gains should be a result of the level of your Dedication and Commitment, not the size of your budget, so our supplements are always the highest quality without being the highest price.

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Dr. Morepen Muscle Food Pre-Workout

Dr. Morepen Muscle Food Pre-workout | Caffeine, L-Arginine & L- Citrulline| For High Intensity Sustained Workouts | Unique Flavours |Berry Burst Flavour, 250g

STRENGTH & STAMINA : Enriched with a combination of Amino Acids-L-Citrulline & L-Arginine, Muscle Food Pre-Workout 300 can help amp up the nitric oxide system in your body that stimulates vasodilation which means your blood vessels will widen for increased blood flow. More blood flow into muscles means more energy for muscles during your workout. The improved blood flow & circulation will help you achieve maximum muscle pump along with unmatched energy levels.

ENERGY & FOCUS : Powered with 300 mg Caffeine, a highly efficient aerobic and anaerobic performance stimulant, this supplement is effective in enhancing focus, performance, alertness & energy levels. This potent dose of Caffeine can deliver explosive energy that is ideal for intermediate to high intensity workouts. It can also help boost healthy neural function, thus promoting cognitive function and focus.

ENDURANCE & PERFORMANCE : Enriched with 3540mg of Beta-Alanine, Muscle Food Pre-Workout supports muscular endurance, strength and fights fatigue. Beta-Alanine helps convert protein into lean muscles and increases carnosine levels for enhanced performance. It can help in reducing lactic acid build up in the muscles, thus speeds up recovery after strenuous workouts.

PROVEN INGREDIENTS : Muscle Food Pre-Workout 300 is power packed with proven ingredients-300mg Caffeine, 940mg L-Citrulline and 3540mg of Beta-Alanine per serving (10g) that provide intense energy, mental alertness and nitric oxide support to prepare you for high-intensity workout. This concentrated formula for both men & women is best to keep you charged for the most extreme workouts.

  • REFRESHING MIXED BERRY FLAVOUR & ZERO CALORIES : This incredibly refreshing, light, and crisp Berry Flavoured Pre-Workout with an identical taste like that of fruit juices is sweetened with natural non-calorific sweetener, making it a great choice for calorie conscious consumers. It has been formulated with Steviol Glycoside to maintain good taste without reducing the efficacy.

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Body First Ultimate Recovery

Body First Ultimate Recovery – INFORMED SPORTS – HMB, Arginine & Glutamine Supplement for Muscle Recovery, Strength, Endurance & Performance, Builds Muscle Mass & Prevents Breakdown of Muscle Protein, Lychee, 325gm

BodyFirst Ultimate Recovery

Combination of HMB (Calcium Hydroxy Methyl Butyrate) with L-Arginine & L-Glutamine

Informed Sports Certified – First time across the globe with this unique combination

Ingredient (myHMB) sourced from USA

Proven Clinical Efficiency for Muscle Recovery

BodyFirst Ultimate Recovery Lychee

HMB is produced naturally in our bodies during the metabolism of the essential amino acid leucine. However, it’s difficult to consume enough protein with a healthy diet alone to achieve the effective amount of HMB. Hence supplementation of HMB is a must as it stimulates muscle protein synthesis, reduces protein breakdown and improves recovery and endurance.

Athletes, aging adults, dieters, active individuals and people recovering from illness or injury have used HMB for decades as a highly effective supplement for improving muscle health and recovery.

The science behind BodyFirst Ultimate Recovery supports improved recovery between workouts, allowing you to train harder and get back in the gym sooner, with less soreness. This allows you to train more, make gains faster, and dominate the competition! HMB supplementation supports improved strength and lean muscle gain, helping you to improve performance in the gym, on the field, in the ring, or on the court.

Health Benefits

BodyFirst Ultimate RecoveryBodyFirst Ultimate RecoveryBodyFirst Ultimate RecoveryBodyFirst Ultimate Recovery
Strength & EnduranceHMB with L-Arginine and L-Glutamine replenishes the energy levels that enhances body’s capacity to perform high-intensity workouts, lift heavy weights, and also supports resistance training.Speeds Recovery & PerformanceHMB protects against muscle damage and soreness and helps in faster recovery. HMB is also an excellent performance enhancer that helps the body to use oxygen more efficiently and thereby improves performance.Reduces Muscle BreakdownHMB acts as a gateway to help keep your muscles in balance by slowing muscle breakdown.Stimulates Muscle Protein SynthesisRegular consumption of HMB slows down protein breakdown and improves protein synthesis to gain lean muscle mass for overall better response to training.

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Body First Essential Amino Acids Prime

Body First Essential Amino Acids Prime – The Ultimate Amino Recovery Formula containing 6.29g EAA with 3.95g BCAA for Muscle Building, Recovery, Strength, Energy & Endurance, Cola Flavour, 30 Servings

  • Muscle Recovery – Provides amino acids required for muscle synthesis, which are quickly transported into your muscles, resulting in increased muscle gains and tissue repair. EAAs contain BCAAs, which are known to reduce muscle damage, thereby reducing the length and severity of muscle cramps.
  • Prevents Muscle Soreness – Essential Amino Acids help in muscle protein synthesis which helps in reducing the fatigue and muscle soreness.
  • Energy Production – Essential Amino Acids consists of a blend of nine amino acids which helps to build stamina and increases the limit of body endurance.
  • L-leucine helps in regulation of blood glucose level and in wound healing. It also support growth and repair of the muscle tissue. L-leucine helps in protein synthesis.
  • L-lysine supports rebuilding of the muscle and improves recovery process after heavy training session. It helps to maintain optimal strength and performance. L-lysine support immune system and helps in the synthesis of protein.
  • L-isoleucine helps in the regulation of blood sugar and energy.It helps in improving athletic performance and alleviate muscle damage after exercise. L-isoleucine reduces the rate of protein degradation and maximise ability to mediate glucose update.
  • L-valine promotes muscular endurance and reduces fatigue during heavy exercise. It prevents the damage to the muscle & improves endurance.
  • L-threonine helps in the production of glycine and serine which are necessary for production of collagen, elastin and muscle tissue. It accelerate wound healing due to production of collagen. Threonine prevent fat accumulation in the liver
  • L-phenylalanine accelerate breakdown of fat consumed before exercise. It also helps in elevating the mood.

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GOOGLE Business Partner

What is Google Workspace?
Google Workspace is a cloud-based productivity suite that helps teams communicate, collaborate and get things done from anywhere and on any device. It’s simple to set up, use and manage, so your business can focus on what really matters.

Here are some highlights:
Business email for your domain Look professional and communicate as you@yourcompany.com. Gmail’s simple features help you build your brand while getting more done.

Access from any location or device
Check emails, share files, edit documents, hold video meetings and more, whether you’re at work, at home or on the move. You can pick up where you left off from a computer, tablet or phone.

Enterprise-level management tools
Robust admin settings give you total command over users, devices, security and more.

Sign up using my link https://referworkspace.app.goo.gl/T1nQ and get a free 14-day trial, and message me to get an exclusive discount when you try Google Workspace for your business.

PRE-X5 ULTIMATE [ DOCTOR’S CHOICE ]

Doctor’s Choice PRE-X5 Ultimate Professional Pre-Workout Formula 350g Powder [50 Servings – Cola Candy]Pre-workout: india’s first professional pre-workout formula designed to cater your body with support required to take your intense workout regime to advanced levelFocus and continuance for next level executionStorming energy and endurance: unique pre-workout blend is powered by caffeine anhydrous and beta alanine to boost focus, amplify the intensity of training with explosive energy supportPerformance: monstrous spikes in vitality levels, improved oxygen stream to muscle tissue results in improved strength.PRE X5 is an advance pre workout formula designed to pump in explosive energy and vitals in your body, required to push your weight lifting regime to next level and uplifts your endurance to train harder. Powered by citrulline dl malate, creatine nitrate, caffeine anhydrous, beta-alanine and taurine, PRE-X5 is must have for bodybuilders and athletes to deliver your muscles phenomenal power, pump and energy when working out. What is a pre-workout. Pre-workout is an unisex nutrition, bound to be taken before the workout which enables you to lift better and increases your endurance to train harder. Advantages of PRE X5, explosive instant energy, enhanced strength, extensive muscle pump, extended stamina and power, endurance direction to use: mix 1 serving with 250 ml of water and consume 25-30 minutes prior to intense exercise. Do not consume more than 2 servings in a day. Any side effects. No. It just has a tingling effect because of the ingredient beta alanine.PLACE YOUR ORDER

Google [ Grow Your Business ] — HUMANITYUAPD

What is Google Workspace? Google Workspace is a cloud-based productivity suite that helps teams communicate, collaborate and get things done from anywhere and on any device. It’s simple to set up, use and manage, so your business can focus on what really matters. Here are some highlights:Business email for your domain Look professional and communicate as you@yourcompany.com. […]

Google [ Grow Your Business ] — HUMANITYUAPD

Hyperbolic Stretching for Women — HUMANITYUAPD

WHAT IF I told you there’s a little known stretching method that will not only make you fully flexible, it will also help you quickly relieve pain in your muscles, reinforce your joints and boost your athletic performance at the same time. Save time traveling to gyms and money on physio therapies using this simple, 8-minute home routine that will give…

Hyperbolic Stretching for Women — HUMANITYUAPD

Wealthy Woman Academy

Wealthy Woman Academy 

Simple & Easy To Follow Trading Education To Help You Dominate The Financial Markets

  LEARN – EARN – INSPIRE 

If you’re looking to grow as an entrepreneur then you’ve landed in the right place. We’ve supported thousands of women to build financial stability through starting up their own business that they can run from the comfort of their own home and we’d love to work with you next!

We want to uplift each others voices, we want you to have confidence back in your life and nobody stifling your growth or potential and muddying the waters of your dreams.

If you want to take your life into your own hands, join our tribe of ‘Wealthy Women’ today!

~ Over 81% of women do not make 6 figures a year…

~ Only 2% of women make over a million pounds a year…

~ 46% of women in the workplace don’t have a side hustle…

We are here to change that, and help women be in control of their financial future!

                           LEARN 

Learn Directly From Expert Women Who’ve Become Financially Free!

  EARN

Build A Full Time Income For Yourself From Anywhere In The World By Trading!

INSPIRE

We Want To Help You Achieve Your Goals, So One Day Your Testimony Can Inspire Other Women! 

The Wealthy Woman Academy gives you everything you need to start trading successfully, and it’s “beginner-friendly” and designed to work for women of ALL ages, backgrounds – and regardless of how much (or little) experience you have!

Read More & Join Now

BLOCK-CHAIN [ CRYPTOCURRENCY ]

                           CRYPTO

A new social order is coming.

In 2008 Satoshi Nakamoto invented blockchain technology. A revolutionary new concept with profound consequences.

We are now witnessing the birth of the Blockchain Ecosystem and with it comes a giant leap forward for mankind.

Blockchains are a technological breakthrough that lead us to a historic inflection point.

They are as important as the invention of agriculture that gave rise to cities. The printing press that brought education to the common man. A harbinger of the Renaissance. The steam engine that gave rise to the industrial revolution and the internet that is connecting the globe.

In fact, blockchain technology is even more important.

Because it builds on all these previous technologies and leverages them to create a new social order.

One cannot overestimate the effects the Blockchain Ecosystem will have on the world over the years to come…

It fundamentally changes global commerce and communications.

It shifts power away from big corporations and governments to the individual on a scale never seen before.

Put simply, it makes the world a better place.

Because the Blockchain Ecosystem fixes a fundamental flaw in human society:

Gatekeepers and Middle Men.

Today almost everything you do or own is controlled by middle men.

Your money.

Your assets.

Your identity.

Your data.

Your job.

Your access to information.

All of this is about to change…

The Blockchain Ecosystem empowers the individual by removing control of assets, identities and data from corporations, banks and governments.

In the new world that is slowly emerging individuals are in control of their lives.

Centralized power structures give way to a decentralized and distributed world full of creativity and possibilities.

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HOW TO TRAIN YOUR PUPPY

               How to train Your Puppy 

Do you have a new puppy in your house? Does your cute little friend need an outlet for their energy? Is it time to train your puppy to behave properly? 

What this book offers:

  • Pup training essentials
  • Housebreaking advice
  • Crate training methods
  • Sleep training techniques
  • Bite inhibition tips

Puppy Training: The Comprehensive Guide to Puppy Training – A Step by Step Activity Guide to: Housebreaking, Crate Training, Puppy Sleep Training and More teaches you all the basics of puppy training.

You’ll find out how to choose collars, leashes, and harnesses, and what toys and treats are best. This book also discusses crates, bedding, and fences.

You’ll even learn how to “puppy proof” your house!

Clear Efficient and Fast Method!

‘How to train your puppy’ is for you who have a puppy and for you who have an adult dog!

What this book offers

  • Learn how to raise the perfect puppy
  • Learn how to socialize and housetrain a new puppy
  • Gain a fundamental understanding of the field of Learning Theory
  • Learn how to measure the effectiveness of different behavior modification strategies
  • Learn to train your dog to be a well-behaved canine companion
  • Learn to train your dog to be reliably under control, off-leash, at a distance, around distractions
  • Learn to phase out the use of food and other external rewards in training

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EVERGREEN INTERNET PROFITS

EVERGREEN INTERNET PROFIT  

Discover   the methods and techniques used by the most successful entrepreneurs to grow their online businesses from zero to everlasting profits!

Did you know that in the first year alone, 20% of small businesses fail? If that’s not depressing enough, the numbers go even higher as the years go by.

In fact, it is estimated that 50% of small business fail before their 5th birthday! These statistics are not surprising. After all, it is hard work getting a business to succeed.

The big question is this:

Are You Afraid Of Wasting Your Time On A Business That Will Fail Within The First Few Years?

If you answered “yes,” you’re not alone. Most entrepreneurs are afraid of failure. In fact, most of you are probably hesitating to start your own online business because of the following reasons:

  • You don’t know how to choose the right niche for your business.
  • You don’t have any idea on what makes a solid foundation for your business.
  • You’ve heard of branding, but you don’t know what it means.
  • You don’t know the perfect product that will be a good fit for your audience.
  • You don’t even know why you need to target a specific audience.
  • In fact, you have no idea where to even begin!

Building an  Online Business  may be uncharted territory for most people, but many have succeeded before you, and many more will succeed in the future. Now is a good time to start. There are countless evergreen niches you can build your business on. 

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Instagram Marketing Secrets

Crack the Instagram Code and Reach the Ideal Followers to Grow Your Business

 Instagram is one of the most important platforms when it comes to branding and reaching a wide audience. It has over 1 billion active users, and is considered a ‘trendy’ and youthful platform for by the majority of marketers.

The only issue? A lot of people have no idea how to make use of it.

Instagram’s power lies in the fact that it is an image-based platform. This gives it a great return on investment, and means that you don’t need to write reams to be successful. It also makes it perfect for getting an emotional response from your audience. And ultimately, emotions are what sell products.

But this is also what throws a lot of people…

See if this sounds familiar…

  • You don’t know how to take great photos
  • You don’t know any other way to succeed on Instagram
  • You have NO idea how to get a verified account or why you’d want one
  • Or what a story is, or how to use Instagram Live
  • You don’t know how regularly you’re meant to be posting, or how to gain any kind of traction
  • You’ve been sporadically posting promotional content into the void for a while now
  • You have no strategy and no hope of growing in the future.                                                               So what’s the Solution?             Read More :- Join

ARTS AND CRAFTS FOR CASH

Arts and Crafts for Cash

Get All The Support And Guidance You Need To Be A Success At Putting Together A Craft Business!

Would you like to start a craft business but just don’t know how?

Does it seem like you’ve tried everything in your power to figure it out, and yet, despite your best intentions, you’re still plagued with:

  • Not knowing how to even get started
  • Not understanding what the main types of crafts that will sell well
  • Not knowing how to create the business concept

If this describes you, then you are in luck today…

First, you are NOT alone! It may seem like it sometimes, but not knowing how to get started with a business idea is far more common than you’d think.

I ought to know, because I’ve been in the same spot before…

What Is Inside The Book?

This guide will provide you with everything you need to know to be a success and achieve your goal of getting your craft business to a successful place. Below are the information that you are about to learn:

  • Chapter 1: Arts And Crafts Basics
  • Chapter 2: Main Types Of Crafts
  • Chapter 3: Creating A Concept
  • Chapter 4: Supplies And Skills
  • Chapter 5: Marketing For An Arts And Crafts Business
  • Chapter 6: Arts And Crafts Fairs
  • Chapter 7: Successful Business Mindset.                                              ADD TO CART

SURVEY JOBZ

Get Paid From Online Surveys!

Earn by filling out surveys requested by thousands of businesses around the world 

How much money you can make?

There are some that pay $25, $100, $200, or even more, but they are extremely rare. Realistically, most come in between $0.25 and $5 per survey. You need to reach the minimum payout threshold to withdraw. The best part is that taking surveys can be done on your smartphone from anywhere, at any time.!

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TOP AFFILIATE TACTICS – POWERFUL WEALTH GENERATING METHODS

TOP AFFILIATE TACTICS

Why Do You Need This Course?

  • You’re looking for a quick and easy way to make money.
  • You don’t have a lot of spare time or money.
  • You want to start a business that will last for a long time.
  • Finally, you desire financial gain.

“This resource will show you step-by-step how to be successful!”

“They’ve simplified every step of the process so you can easily follow along, and by the end of the course, you’ll be ready to make money!”

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ZOOM MASTER

ZOOM MASTER

How To Use Zoom To Improve And Grow Your Business

No stones are left unturned when you get your hands on this now.

You will become a complete expert on this, and you’ll get everything you need inside to do the same…

Here’s Just A Quick Preview Of What You’ll Discover Inside…

  • What Is Zoom?
  • Why You Need To Use Zoom In Your Business
  • Getting Started with Zoom
  • Zoom Tips and Tricks
  • The Power Of Zoom Webinars
  • Setting Up And Scheduling Your Zoom Webinars
  • Personal Strategies For Increasing Engagement With Zoom
  • Things To Do In Zoom Meetings To Increase Engagement
  • Zoom For Business Best Practices 

Plus A Lot More…..

This is the easiest way to actually improve and grow your Business with Zoom!

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FOREX STARLIGHT

What’s “FOREX STARLIGHT“?

Breakthrough “FOREX STARLIGHT” Indicator is perfect for trading in the Forex market. It makes your trades not only more profitable but also saves your time and nerves.

It’s designed for M15-D1 timeframes and all major currency pairs. All you need is just follow its reliable BUY&SELL signals and finally enjoy how your profit keeps growing. That’s why it suits greatly both beginners and experienced traders.

Do you think trading is boring and difficult? Sometimes. But not with “Forex Starlight”. It’s time to change your life for the best!

What Is Inside The NEW FOREX STARLIGHT SYSTEM

– EFFECTIVE TRADING ALGORITHM

– USER-FRIENDLY VISUAL INTERFACE

– MINIMAL TIME INVESTMENT

– HIGH PROFIT SIGNALS

– ADAPTIVE TAKE PROFIT TECHNOLOGY

– UNIQUE TREND POWER DETECTION

– MULTIPLE TRADING STYLES

– RELIABLE SIGNALS 100% NO REPAINT

 – SUPPORTS ALL MAJOR CURRENCY  PAIRS

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1000 YouTube Subscribers

Get your 1000 YouTube Subscribers fast and start growing your YouTube Channel fast.

 Youtubers buy YouTube subscribers that are real, active, organic, legit, permanent, cheap and non-drop from us to give YouTube channel BOOST!

  • Real people
  • Process starts within 48-72 hours
  • Speed : 20 subscribers per day
  • 100% Order completion guarantee
  • 100% Safe and Secure methods for YouTube Alogarithm
  • No Bots / Software used

Benefits of Buying YouTube Subscribers

Ours is the Cheapest real Subscribe selling platform which is a preferred choice of more than 50,000 YouTubers. YouTube algorithm utilizes behavioural and sentiment analysis in calculating the engagement and followers quality is very important.
Buy YouTube subscribers high quality from us! It is challenging for new channels to grow as they are in the learning phase of their YouTube journey. New, as well as mature channels, should always test and try to increase their subscribers unconventionally while abiding by the YouTube community guidelines. The safest way to gain subscribers organically is to follow the best practices and grow the channel.

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LEARN THE GUITAR

You have probably heard about Guitar Hero and how it is this new and exciting game is taking over the nation. It’s just not a game but a superhero’s game. You could not walk through any electronics store or Best Buy without seeing customers young and old standing in front of the monitors with a plastic guitar strapped around them strumming to a Pat Benatar’s “Hit Me with Your Best Shot.”

I should know I was one of those customers! The overwhelming popularity of this fun game is a testament to not only the fantasy we have about being the next great rock star but the popularity of the guitar. 

The guitar  is among the most popular musical instruments around. Because of how versatile the guitar is, it is a popular instrument to learn how to play. The guitar can play any kind of music that suits you interest whether it is rock, country or jazz or any other style of music. You may be interested in playing your favorite songs or maybe you are a budding songwriter and you would like to write your own songs.

Either way , the guitar would be the perfect instrument to learn in these cases. Like all musical instruments, if you want to learn to play the guitar you will need plenty of practice, perseverance and patience. Learning to play the guitar will be very rewarding experience if you stick with it and the guitar can give you many hours of enjoyment.

Now You Can Save Time and Money and Stop Searching for Information About Becoming the Next Guitar Pro! :- Now           LEARN THE GUITAR

D.A.I.S.Y METHOD [ EASY ENGLISH ]

We offer you a new way to learn the English Language.With our unique method, you will experience totally different approach. This method is called D.A.I.S.Y. 

“D.A.I.S.Y” is an acronym and stands for:
•    Decompose
•    Analyze     
•    Interrelate   
•    Synthesize 
•    Yield        

What problems do we face during language learning?

Today , learning language is one of  the best investments you can make for yourself.

But unfortunately, most of us face common problems while learning a language such as:​

  • Hard to understand               
  • Forgetting quickly                  
  • Not enough practice materials 
  • Context not organized properly
  • Lack of motivation                 

All of these problems are related to the used learning method.

Why is it important to choose a right learning method?

Choice of the right learning method is the key aspect in learning any language.

​Most of the books and courses are using a traditional learning method called “ROTE LEARNING”.

“ROTE LEARNING” makes your brain lazy and weak by using the repetition technique.

This technique is used in most of the traditional methods nowadays.

Here are the consequences you face when you use this technique:​

  • Losing focus easily                           
  • Losing ability of deeper understanding of  the subject
  • Not being able to associate new and      previous knowledge
  • Giving up easily        

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PERPETUAL INCOME 365

What Is Perpetual Income 365?

Perpetual Income 365 is a plug-and-play affiliate marketing software created by for all levels – newbies to advanced marketers, seeking to enable ordinary people who have zero internet experience make a full time income through affiliate marketing using our own plug-and-play system! The ultimate goal for us is to make you a healthy 5-figures recurring income promoting us while helping others achieve financial freedom at the same time.

Give Us A Decent Try And Let Us Make You Money!

~Product Designed To Create A Recurring Income For Your One Off Marketing Effort

~Easy Plug-And-Play Software To Get Members Started In Less Than 30 Mins

~Fresh Funnels Created In A “Click” With Autopilot Follow Up Emails

~Works Well With Personal Development, Biz Opp, Wealth Creation and IM Traffic

~Proven High Upsell Take Up Rates To Maximize Your Income With Us

High Converting Funnel
High Converting Funnel With 3x Proven To Convert One-Click Upsells Across The Entire Funnel!

Quality Training & CommunityOn Top Of The Powerful Software, We Provide Rich Training Contents Supplemented With Clear Step-By-Step Videos To Ensure Low Refunds And Maximum Profitability For You!

Compelling HookTap Into The Science Behind Large Steaming Companies’s Highly Recurring Revenue Model And How The Ordinary Joe Can Use This Secret To Create A Monthly Recurring Income For Himself!

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THE MILLIONAIRE MASTER COURSE

The Millionaire Master Course 12-Part Video Training Series CONTENT!~

Video #1 ~YouTube Secrets (Make Money on YouTube)

Video #2 ~ Instagram Secrets (Make $1M per post)

Video #3 ~ Twitter Marketing ! ~ The Do’s and Don’ts

Video #4 ~ Facebook Strategies! ~Building your Brand!

Video #5 ~ Cryptocurrency Secrets ~ Become an Expert

Video #6 ~ Power of Tech Stocks

Video #7 Real Estate Secrets ADVANCED Part 1

Video #8 Real Estate Secrets ADVANCED Part 2

Video #9 Power of having Multiple Businesses for Funding!

Video #10 Power of CrowdFunding

Video #11 Transforming the Subconscious Mind:

Video #12 Ongoing Training for the Subconscious Mind

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The Millionaire Master Course

FOREX SPECTRUM – UNIQUE ADAPTIVE TECHNOLOGY

What’s “Forex Spectrum”?

This awesome indicator is made to gain great profit being absolutely easy-to-use.

With “Forex Spectrum” you’ll constantly feel confident whether you’re a newbie in trading or an experienced Forex trader.

It works on all major pairs and M30-D1 timeframes. Three adaptive Take Profit levels clearly depicted and colored corridors on your chart together with other features will assure you to make the right choice.

All you need to do is just choose the trading style you’re comfortable with, and “Forex Spectrum” will notify you when it’s high time to make your splendid trades.

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REAL DEAL ECOM

REAL DEAL ECOM

Real Deal Ecom simplifies dropshpping allowing you to build a profitable store, create Facebook campaigns, and scale to the moon. No BS, Just Real Info!

No BS, No Fluff, The Real DealA step-by-step training program that teaches you everything you need to know about starting an online business. From finding winning products, setting up your store, to scaling ads – this comprehensive package will ensure that you have all of the information you need to hit the ground running

100% Satisfaction Guarenteed

Try the course risk free and if you’re not happy with it you can ask for a refund within 60-days and you will get a refund in full.

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CRM [ SALES PROCESS DOCUMENTATION ] GROWW OUR BUSINESS

SALES PROCESS DOCUMENTATION

Word Cloud with CRM – Customer Relationship Management related tags

6 Reasons to go the accspert route..

Reason #1: No data upload to unknown servers

All data is stored in local databasese

Reason #2: Easy to use

No need for a informatic bachelor to use our software

Reason #3: Works for most sales processes

No matter what industry. The software will fit your needs

Reason #4: 100% working software that is well supported.

we never let you down. Our support will solve if there will be a problem

Reason #5: Different database. Region, customer type, business type.

create mulitple database on the fly

Reason #6: Share your database with your colleagues.

Use our software and share your database 

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YouTube Strategic Planning Secrets

YouTube Business – Lesson 1: YouTube Strategic Planning Secrets INTRO
Lesson 2: YouTube Terminology
Lesson 3: How Can You Use YouTube to Market Your Business?
Lesson 4: What Kinds of Promotional Videos Should You Produce?
Lesson 5: Developing Your YouTube Marketing Strategy
Lesson 6: Defining YouTube’s Role In Your Marketing Strategy
Lesson 7: Who is Your Customer?
Lesson 8: What Does Your Customer Want Or Need?
Lesson 9: What Type of Video Content is Best for Your Goals?
Lesson 10: Tips for Producing More Effective YouTube Videos
Lesson 11: Tips for Generating Sales
Lesson 12: Converting search traffic into suggested traffic
Lesson 13: Tracking Performance of your videos
Lesson 14: Marketing Your YouTube Videos
Lesson 15: My Strategy of 30
Lesson 16: Tips to get more YouTube Views and Subscribers
Lesson 17: Getting more Views or subscribers by outsourcing
Lesson 18: Sharing YouTube Videos
Lesson 19: Free traffic sources
Lesson 20: Hide a Video
Lesson 21: How to Add YouTube Videos to Website?
Lesson 22: Create Creative Video
Lesson 23: Prepare a detailed script and do a couple of run-through first
Lesson 24: Create Video Playlists
Lesson 25: Optimizing Your Videos for Search
Lesson 26: Keywords in Description and Tags
Lesson 27: Audience Retention
Lesson 28: Views and Subscribers
Lesson 29: Likes and Dislikes
Lesson 30: Handling Comments
Lesson 31: Use a Keywords Smartly
Lesson 32: Using a Number in the Title and Optimize Video Filename
Lesson 33: Include a Call to Action and Check Your Audio Quality
Lesson 34: YouTube Monetization
Lesson 35: YouTube Partner Program
Lesson 36: Copyright rules
Lesson 37: The easiest way to build confidence in your speaking
Lesson 38: Final Words.

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DISCOVER THE SLEEP “TRICK” DOCTORS SAY ADDRESSES THE ROOT-CAUSE OF SLEEPLESS NIGHTS BY RESETTING YOUR “INTERNAL BODY CLOCK” LETTING YOU SLEEP THROUGH THE NIGHT AND WAKE UP FEELING REFRESHED, RESTED, AND READY TO GOFor anyone finding it difficult to get a good night’s rest – it can be pretty frustrating.

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7 FIGURE ONLINE BUSINESS BLUEPRINT

Every successful story always starts somewhere. You don’t just dream for it one night and expect it to happen the next morning. Everyone started off as a newbie at one point.

Starting up your own online business doesn’t have to be expensive and complicated but you need effort and persistence to crack the code and earn a 7 figure income.

If you are a so called ‘newbie’ to Internet Marketing and you intend to set up your own online business, it is imperative that you deal with the main technicalities which are the core of your online business. This program will help any entrepreneur grow, whether you have a product to sell or no product at all (affiliate marketing).

 EQUIP YOURSELF WITH THESE TRUSTY SECRET WEAPONS : 

A spirit of relentlessness and quickness to learn 

On a daily ( and nightly) , basis , go learn something new ; from the very basics of how to  buy a domain name , to registering it , to linking it to a website , to building a website from scratch etc.

Learn as much as you can , however you can .

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“How I Run 9 Different Profitable YouTube Channels and Make 6 Figures From Them”

Introducing Tube Mastery and MonetizationTube Mastery and Monetization teaches how to start, grow, and monetize a hyper-profitable YouTube channel from complete scratch. 
 It doesn’t matter if you don’t have any tech skills or any previous business experience. Everything you need to know is provided step-by-step in this training program.

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Do you want to increase your revenue, freedom, and become your own boss?

You’ve spent countless hours searching for the right business. You finally stumbled across “Doing YouTube without making videos” and you know this is finally the answer you’ve been looking for.

You love the idea that it’s very lucrative, doesn’t cost any money to get started, doesn’t take much time to work on, it doesn’t require any technical skills or experience, and you don’t have to be on camera or use your voice.

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SEARCH ENGINE OPTIMIZATION

HIGH QUALITY SEO CONTENTT

Content Search engine optimization  serves to design a website and its content technically and in terms of content so that they achieve a better ranking in the results lists of search engines such as Google. Content – such as texts, images or videos – must also be optimized according to certain specifications in order to appear higher up in the search results.

The content of a website is a decisive factor in search engine optimization. If you do not include content optimization in your search engine optimization, you will not achieve long-term success in organic search rankings. It is true that in some niches it may be possible to be successful without excellent content. However, as soon as competitors come in to compete with you for the top spots in Google rankings and offer high-quality content, your website’s ranking will deteriorate.

What is SEO content optimization?

Google used to depend on the content of a website. It was only through text content that Google and other search engines could understand the content of a website and thus rank it in search results for relevant queries. While search engines now work much more intelligently and are able to understand semantic relationships of a website, the importance of content has not diminished in practice.

Why is that? Based on the various content elements, the search engine can deduce for which search queries the website is relevant and how high its relevance is compared to other websites. Which elements are meant by this and how they are best optimized is what this article is about.

New SEO Content Quality Guidelines

So, with the updates to Google’s search algorithm, the requirements for a website’s content have fundamentally changed. To comply with today’s Google quality guidelines, you need to keep the following points in mind:

  • Research the topics for your texts thoroughly – this is the only way to answer all users’ questions and fully cover their needs.
  • Write unique texts and do not steal the content together from other websites.
  • Don’t worry about the length of your texts: just write as much as makes sense for the topic.
  • Write your texts for the users. So use keywords as they would be used in normal speech.
  • Also use synonyms, related terms and keyword combinations. This contributes to the readability of the texts
  • Enhance the visual appearance of your texts: Use headings, bulleted lists, tables, images, videos, and highlighting to present the content clearly and make it comprehensible to users.
  • Build text into the page in a way that makes it easy for users to read and find. Otherwise, there is a risk that Google will not rank your website in the top positions of search results. Although you are allowed to “collapse” your texts to a certain extent or place them in tabs, sliders or accordions today, this can be a hindrance to good rankings.

It is sometimes very time-consuming and expensive to have good SEO content written. And not everyone is able to write high-quality texts themselves. We offer the unique, cheap and fast solution for you to generate more high quality texts for your website..Join Now

ANALYTICS

ANALYTICS OPTIONS

Meet the modern way to manage your business or job remotely

What is Analytics Option? Analytics Option is your go-to option for outsourcing any business or job-related work for teams and individuals. We do what needs to be done quickly and on a tight budget.
We have partnered with Fiverr to bring attention to an exclusive new service that’s been developed specifically to meet your needs. It has been curated to only include the best, exclusive, and most high -quality Fiverr services you can think of. Everything has been handpicked for quality and affordability.

We want to ease the burden that many small businesses have gone through by offering you a sophisticated platform to manage your business prospects efficiently.
Why should you sign up?We cost less but do more than a traditional business system that involves multiple employees focusing on one task. With us, you can hire a skilled team of professionals with decades of experience to manage all your tasks for a lower price altogether which will improve the overall quality and efficiency of your business or work. The reason why these high-quality services are so affordable is due to the bulk orders that we send to them, our discount becomes your discount! You can also have your work improved or revised at no additional cost if you are not happy.

Meet the modern way to manage your business or job remotely

This is the all-in-one productivity platform designed to the work for you so that you can live a happier and much more rewarding life.


How To Get Started?
What can we do for your business?You can get any business-related work done with us securely, whether it be accounting and sales or research and advertising you can get it done knowing your work is in safe hands. Fiverr’s professionals will even sign an NDA at your request.

We help people around the world by managing their projects for them. We believe that by automating certain functions of business we can eliminate overhead costs that slow production down and prevent you from achieving long-term goals.
We follow a simple 3 step process to manage your projects. We first find out what your priorities are or what your business is trying to achieve (for example sales). Then we organize those objectives according to how long it will take to be completed. Thereafter we get your team set up and assign professionals to assist in improving the quality of your projects.
We also allow you to communicate internationally with freelancers so that you can find the best talent for your projects.
The services offered include anything from Data Entry and Marketing to Brand Design and Illustration. To be a bit more specific your Fiverr Business Account can support needs such as graphics & design, digital marketing, writing & translation, video & animation, music & audio as well as programming if you ever need that tech guy.
Simply contact your Customer Success Manager to find out more about the services they can offer.

What if you need to work in a large team?You will be able to work in a team of up to 50 members and all of your work will be hosted securely with our partner Fiverr. If you have more members just contact your manager.

How is the new Fiverr Business Account more affordable?For just $30, your Business Account will provide you with affordable services from both freelancers for an entire year. The most affordable options (service costs) will be chosen for you depending on the size of your projects. One of the main reasons as to why this way of managing a business is so much cheaper is because you don’t pay an hourly rate to workers, instead you pay for the work, and only once it’s done and you’re satisfied.

Let your environment motivate you to work harder
All of your tasks, communication, delivery, and budgets can be organized and managed in one dashboard with this business tool. You can share a payment method with team members, bookmark and share preferred sellers for easy access, and reach out to a Business Success Manager for assistance in finding the perfect sellers. Sellers are the people who you are looking to hire.
Benefits of working with us
No Or lower Income TaxesReduced taxes is one of the most common benefits of working with outsourcing companies like Fiverr. The people who do your work are not registered under your business and therefore you will not need to pay any extra tax fees such as PAYE.
Higher QualityBy outsourcing specific tasks to experts with skills in specific niches. The overall quality of work improves drastically. You may also look at the portfolios of freelancers before hiing them to see howgood they are.Less StressWork is done remotely so you don’t ever have to worry about whether your staff is in the office. Everything gets done hassle-free. Most freelancers live internationally, meaning that they will be working in multiple time zones so everything gets done even while you’re asleep.
Reduced RiskSpreading the workload means spreading the risk. Which means reducing your risk as a business owner. You no longer have to face problems alone because you will be given a team to get your projects done. Just contact your success manager if you’re ever unsure.

Get Everything Done On TimeBy assigning tasks to more people at affordable prices. You can get more things done within a day. Increased efficiency also means increased profitability.

Low CostYou might have already heard that outsourcing work is cheaper than hiring permanent staff. This is possible because you don’t have to pay an hourly rate, instead, you pay once and only when the job is done. No more overhead costs for wasted time.

Reach your goals sooner By outsourcing the minor activities in your business you will have more time to focus on improving the major parts of your business that matter more to you.
How to Get Started?Getting started is quick and simple. You will also be given a step by step walkthrough for each step when you sign-up, but for now, here’s how to get started in just 4 steps :-ANALYTICS OPTIONS?

A1FINDMAN

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